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<p>The need for sensitive and reliable adenine (Ade) detection in complex biological systems has driven the development of advanced electrochemical sensing platforms. In this work, we developed a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on a ternary interface composed of homogeneously distributed Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), nitrogen/sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots (NSGQDs), and nitrogen-doped graphene (NGR) on disposable screen-printed electrodes. Unlike conventional conductive modifiers that primarily promote electron transfer, NSGQDs served as nucleation-directing mediators, regulating the growth and anchoring of AuNPs on NGR and thereby producing a more uniform, lower-resistance transduction layer. This improved interfacial homogeneity facilitated signal transduction and supported the formation of a more consistent poly(o-phenylenediamine) molecularly imprinted film for Ade recognition. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited two linear ranges of 0.05–20.0&#xa0;μM and 20.0–150.0&#xa0;μM, with a limit of detection of 0.012&#xa0;μM and a limit of quantification of 0.036&#xa0;μM. The sensor also showed good selectivity, reproducibility, reusability, and stability, with satisfactory recoveries in spiked human serum samples. These results indicate that improved control over AuNPs nucleation and interfacial uniformity can translate into broader linearity, lower detection limits, and more dependable electrochemical sensing of Ade in complex matrices.</p> Graphical abstract <p>NSGQDs drive uniform formation of&#xa0;AuNPs on N-doped graphene, creating a fast-transport transducer for poly(o-phenylenediamine)-imprinted adenine sensing with high selectivity, low Rct, and serum-level applicability.</p> <p></p>

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Homogeneous Au nanoparticles on N-doped graphene directed by NSGQDs for molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensing of adenine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Tao Liu,
  • Dan Li,
  • Wenying Hu,
  • Neha,
  • Brij Mohan,
  • Wei Sun

摘要

The need for sensitive and reliable adenine (Ade) detection in complex biological systems has driven the development of advanced electrochemical sensing platforms. In this work, we developed a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on a ternary interface composed of homogeneously distributed Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), nitrogen/sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots (NSGQDs), and nitrogen-doped graphene (NGR) on disposable screen-printed electrodes. Unlike conventional conductive modifiers that primarily promote electron transfer, NSGQDs served as nucleation-directing mediators, regulating the growth and anchoring of AuNPs on NGR and thereby producing a more uniform, lower-resistance transduction layer. This improved interfacial homogeneity facilitated signal transduction and supported the formation of a more consistent poly(o-phenylenediamine) molecularly imprinted film for Ade recognition. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited two linear ranges of 0.05–20.0 μM and 20.0–150.0 μM, with a limit of detection of 0.012 μM and a limit of quantification of 0.036 μM. The sensor also showed good selectivity, reproducibility, reusability, and stability, with satisfactory recoveries in spiked human serum samples. These results indicate that improved control over AuNPs nucleation and interfacial uniformity can translate into broader linearity, lower detection limits, and more dependable electrochemical sensing of Ade in complex matrices.

Graphical abstract

NSGQDs drive uniform formation of AuNPs on N-doped graphene, creating a fast-transport transducer for poly(o-phenylenediamine)-imprinted adenine sensing with high selectivity, low Rct, and serum-level applicability.