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<p>The widespread occurrence of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods demands analytical methods that are not only sensitive and reliable, but also efficient and environmentally sustainable. To meet this need, this study developed a novel high-throughput platform based on 96-well electromembrane extraction (EME) using a designed deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of 6-methylcoumarin and thymol (1:1, w/w) as a green and efficient supported liquid membrane. When coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the proposed DES-EME method enabled the simultaneous determination of 22 veterinary drugs in three kinds of complex food samples: honey, milk, and eggs. Under optimized conditions (10&#xa0;mM trifluoroacetic acid, 50&#xa0;V, 15&#xa0;min), the method demonstrated excellent analytical performance, featuring wide linear ranges of 0.01–100&#xa0;ng/mL with <i>r</i> ≥ 0.993, and limits of quantification (LOQs) expressed as original sample concentrations of 1.0&#xa0;ng/g for honey and 25&#xa0;ng/g for milk and eggs. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 99%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13% for most analytes. An AGREEprep score of 0.67 confirmed the greenness of the method, highlighting strengths in energy efficiency, sample throughput, and sustainability. Collectively, this work demonstrates that DES-EME represented a viable and sustainable approach for monitoring veterinary drug residues in complex food matrices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Development of electromembrane extraction using deep eutectic solvents for 22 representative veterinary drug residues in honey, milk, and eggs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Junling He,
  • Shaoyun Peng,
  • Shangjun Xie,
  • Yong Tang,
  • Chiliang Lin,
  • Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard,
  • Frederik André Hansen,
  • Jing Zhang,
  • Chen Zhou,
  • Haimin Zou

摘要

The widespread occurrence of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods demands analytical methods that are not only sensitive and reliable, but also efficient and environmentally sustainable. To meet this need, this study developed a novel high-throughput platform based on 96-well electromembrane extraction (EME) using a designed deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of 6-methylcoumarin and thymol (1:1, w/w) as a green and efficient supported liquid membrane. When coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the proposed DES-EME method enabled the simultaneous determination of 22 veterinary drugs in three kinds of complex food samples: honey, milk, and eggs. Under optimized conditions (10 mM trifluoroacetic acid, 50 V, 15 min), the method demonstrated excellent analytical performance, featuring wide linear ranges of 0.01–100 ng/mL with r ≥ 0.993, and limits of quantification (LOQs) expressed as original sample concentrations of 1.0 ng/g for honey and 25 ng/g for milk and eggs. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 99%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13% for most analytes. An AGREEprep score of 0.67 confirmed the greenness of the method, highlighting strengths in energy efficiency, sample throughput, and sustainability. Collectively, this work demonstrates that DES-EME represented a viable and sustainable approach for monitoring veterinary drug residues in complex food matrices.

Graphical Abstract