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<p>The biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles through plant-based systems provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical routes. In this study, residual soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) callus tissues, derived from previous tissue culture experiments, were repurposed as reducing and stabilizing agents for the rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). Using high-intensity ultrasound (CupHorn), CuNPs were successfully obtained in only 8&#xa0;min, representing a substantial reduction in reaction time compared to traditional green synthesis methods. The proposed route was assessed using the AGREEprep tool, achieving a score of 0.68 (on a 0–1 scale), indicative of strong compliance with the principles of green chemistry due to low energy demand, minimal waste generation, and the use of safe reagents. In contrast, conventional biosynthesis methods typically range between 0.22 and 0.24. Post-synthesis purification via dialysis under basic pH efficiently removed residual organic matter. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis, DLS, and TEM, confirming the formation of metallic CuNPs with an average size of ~ 10&#xa0;nm, uniform morphology, and high colloidal stability (zeta potential of + 60&#xa0;mV). Complementary Raman and FTIR analyses further confirmed the metallic copper structure (Cu⁰). Application of purified CuNPs (1&#xa0;µg L⁻<sup>1</sup>) to soybean callus cultures over 30&#xa0;days induced significant nutritional adjustments, including increased accumulation of P, K, Ca, S, Zn, and Mo, along with decreased levels of Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu, suggesting selective regulatory and adaptive mechanisms. Notably, the observed decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in treated calli indicated lower oxidative stress compared to controls. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient and circular approach for CuNP biosynthesis using plant residues, while also providing new insights into plant–nanoparticle interactions. These findings highlight the potential of biogenic CuNPs as sustainable nano-inputs for agricultural and biotechnological applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable biogenic synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Glycine max calli and their circular role in callus regeneration

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Cristiane Renata Schmitt,
  • Ketolly Natanne da Silva Leal,
  • Elisânia Kelly Barbosa Fonseca,
  • Lilian Seiko Kato,
  • Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda

摘要

The biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles through plant-based systems provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical routes. In this study, residual soybean (Glycine max) callus tissues, derived from previous tissue culture experiments, were repurposed as reducing and stabilizing agents for the rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). Using high-intensity ultrasound (CupHorn), CuNPs were successfully obtained in only 8 min, representing a substantial reduction in reaction time compared to traditional green synthesis methods. The proposed route was assessed using the AGREEprep tool, achieving a score of 0.68 (on a 0–1 scale), indicative of strong compliance with the principles of green chemistry due to low energy demand, minimal waste generation, and the use of safe reagents. In contrast, conventional biosynthesis methods typically range between 0.22 and 0.24. Post-synthesis purification via dialysis under basic pH efficiently removed residual organic matter. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis, DLS, and TEM, confirming the formation of metallic CuNPs with an average size of ~ 10 nm, uniform morphology, and high colloidal stability (zeta potential of + 60 mV). Complementary Raman and FTIR analyses further confirmed the metallic copper structure (Cu⁰). Application of purified CuNPs (1 µg L⁻1) to soybean callus cultures over 30 days induced significant nutritional adjustments, including increased accumulation of P, K, Ca, S, Zn, and Mo, along with decreased levels of Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu, suggesting selective regulatory and adaptive mechanisms. Notably, the observed decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in treated calli indicated lower oxidative stress compared to controls. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient and circular approach for CuNP biosynthesis using plant residues, while also providing new insights into plant–nanoparticle interactions. These findings highlight the potential of biogenic CuNPs as sustainable nano-inputs for agricultural and biotechnological applications.

Graphical Abstract