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<p>Channel-aligned modulation of a molecule-recognized photoelectrode to generate superior light-absorbing yet high-level analyte-adsorbing is pivotal but challenging for implementing highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical sensing. Herein, we demonstrated an innovative expansion-flow-modulated direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing coupled with molecular imprinting technology for controllably building a microlattice-shaped photoelectrochemical sensor, with multiscale well-interconnected aligned channels created by vertically aligned arrangement of molecule-recognized photoactive graphene (G) nanosheets within printed filaments and regularly orthogonal layer-by-layer assembly of filaments. The unique architectural merit enabled rapid analyte diffusion and ready light spreading to photoactive and specific recognition sites located at all channel walls, thus endowing the sensor with a combined feature of prominent light absorption and analyte trapping. As a result, the 3D-printed (3DP) vertically aligned photoelectrochemical sensor with specific recognition sites displayed its remarkable capability for urea assay, with rapid response, low detection limit (10 nM), wide linear range (0.03–1100 µM), excellent selectivity, and working stability. This work has shed light on new strategies for processing advanced photoelectrochemical sensing architectures toward highly sensitive and selective assay.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Channel-aligned modulation of a molecule-recognized photoelectrode to generate superior light-absorbing yet high-level analyte-adsorbing is pivotal but challenging for implementing highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical sensing. Herein, we demonstrated an innovative expansion-flow-modulated direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing coupled with molecular imprinting technology for controllably building a microlattice-shaped photoelectrochemical sensor with multiscale well-interconnected oriented channels and vertical alignment of photoactive graphene nanosheets, which facilitated rapid diffusion and high-level trapping of analyte throughout the whole sensor, and meanwhile stimulated light spreading into sensor interior to generate high light absorption, thereby endowing the sensor with a combined feature of prominent light absorption and analyte trapping.</p> <p></p>

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3D-printed molecule-recognized photoelectrochemical sensing platform by expansion-flow-induced vertical alignment of graphene nanosheets for urea assay

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Zhengpeng Yang,
  • Yatao Chang,
  • Yifan Wang,
  • Tongtong Qin,
  • Dapeng Liu,
  • Yuanyuan Zhang,
  • Xuejiao Bao,
  • Yufang Cao,
  • Chunjing Zhang

摘要

Channel-aligned modulation of a molecule-recognized photoelectrode to generate superior light-absorbing yet high-level analyte-adsorbing is pivotal but challenging for implementing highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical sensing. Herein, we demonstrated an innovative expansion-flow-modulated direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing coupled with molecular imprinting technology for controllably building a microlattice-shaped photoelectrochemical sensor, with multiscale well-interconnected aligned channels created by vertically aligned arrangement of molecule-recognized photoactive graphene (G) nanosheets within printed filaments and regularly orthogonal layer-by-layer assembly of filaments. The unique architectural merit enabled rapid analyte diffusion and ready light spreading to photoactive and specific recognition sites located at all channel walls, thus endowing the sensor with a combined feature of prominent light absorption and analyte trapping. As a result, the 3D-printed (3DP) vertically aligned photoelectrochemical sensor with specific recognition sites displayed its remarkable capability for urea assay, with rapid response, low detection limit (10 nM), wide linear range (0.03–1100 µM), excellent selectivity, and working stability. This work has shed light on new strategies for processing advanced photoelectrochemical sensing architectures toward highly sensitive and selective assay.

Graphical Abstract

Channel-aligned modulation of a molecule-recognized photoelectrode to generate superior light-absorbing yet high-level analyte-adsorbing is pivotal but challenging for implementing highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical sensing. Herein, we demonstrated an innovative expansion-flow-modulated direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing coupled with molecular imprinting technology for controllably building a microlattice-shaped photoelectrochemical sensor with multiscale well-interconnected oriented channels and vertical alignment of photoactive graphene nanosheets, which facilitated rapid diffusion and high-level trapping of analyte throughout the whole sensor, and meanwhile stimulated light spreading into sensor interior to generate high light absorption, thereby endowing the sensor with a combined feature of prominent light absorption and analyte trapping.