Rationale <p>Methylphenidate (MPH) is widely used to study attentional processes in animal models, particularly in rats, due to the controlled experimental conditions and the ability to assess its neurobiological effects. Behavioral tasks analogous to those used in human studies provide valuable insights into the drug’s impact on attention. While many studies have investigated its acute effects or its long-term influence on neurotoxicity and sensitization, no comprehensive review has synthesized these findings within a unified framework.</p> Objectives <p>This systematic review aims to analyze the available evidence on the effects of MPH on attention in rats, considering the behavioral tests used and the administered doses.</p> Methods <p>A systematic literature search identified studies published between 2014 and 2024, selecting 20 relevant articles that assessed attention and related processes through various behavioral paradigms. This review was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024563124).</p> Results <p>The findings reveal that low doses of MPH enhance attentional performance and working memory, whereas high doses impair attention and increase locomotor activity. Additional factors, such as stress, age at administration, and route of administration, significantly influence the drug’s effects. In particular, Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rat strains appear to be the most susceptible to its influence.</p> Conclusion <p>These results highlight the complexity of MPH’s impact on attention and related cognitive processes. The variability in outcomes underscores the need for further research to clarify dose–response relationships and the role of individual and environmental factors in shaping the drug’s effects.</p>