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<p>Smoking cessation is a challenging process often accompanied by significant metabolic disturbances, including disruptions in glucose metabolism, lipid regulation, and oxidative balance. These alterations stem from changes in the activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as in neurotransmitter regulation. Bioactive compounds, because of their ability to modulate pivotal metabolic pathways, offer considerable therapeutic potential for managing the metabolic disturbances associated with smoking cessation and nicotine addiction. Currently, varenicline tartrate is among the most widely prescribed pharmacological agents for smoking cessation, primarily targeting nicotine acetylcholine receptors in the brain. However, its potential side effects and inherent limitations underscore the need for alternative, natural compounds that could offer therapeutic benefits with fewer adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory potentials of methyl eugenol, naphthalene, and linalool with varenicline tartrate by focusing on their effects on critical enzymes involved in metabolic processes and their antioxidant activities. Using both in vitro and in silico approaches, we assessed the enzyme-inhibitory effects of these compounds on α-amylase, β-glucosidase, lipase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and serine protease. We also evaluated their antioxidant activities using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results demonstrated that methyl eugenol exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on all enzymes tested, with 90.65% inhibition and an IC<sub>50</sub> of 1.61 ± 0.25&#xa0;µM for Lipase, 80.73% inhibition and an IC<sub>50</sub> of 1.60 ± 1.34&#xa0;µM for β-glucosidase, and 85.92% inhibition and an IC<sub>50</sub> of 2.82 ± 0.08&#xa0;µM for α-amylase. Methyl eugenol also showed significant AChE inhibition, achieving 70.29% inhibition and an IC<sub>50</sub> of 2.24 ± 0.05&#xa0;µM, surpassing varenicline tartrate’s 50.34% inhibition at an IC<sub>50</sub> of 7.74&#xa0;µM. Among the compounds tested, Linalool exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, achieving a DPPH scavenging percentage of 65.12%. Varenicline tartrate followed at 64.83%, and methyl eugenol recorded 63.07% in the DPPH scavenging assay. In conclusion, methyl eugenol demonstrated superior enzyme-inhibitory and moderate antioxidant effects, positioning it as a promising natural alternative to varenicline tartrate for smoking cessation therapy. These findings suggest that methyl eugenol, together with other bioactive compounds such as linalool, may offer valuable alternatives for managing metabolic disturbances associated with smoking cessation and nicotine addiction.</p>

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Integrative biochemical and computational evaluation of methyl eugenol, naphthalene, and linalool as natural multitarget therapeutics for smoking cessation-related metabolic disturbances

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Mahpara Gondal,
  • Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash,
  • Shagufta Kamal,
  • Kanwal Rehman

摘要

Smoking cessation is a challenging process often accompanied by significant metabolic disturbances, including disruptions in glucose metabolism, lipid regulation, and oxidative balance. These alterations stem from changes in the activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as in neurotransmitter regulation. Bioactive compounds, because of their ability to modulate pivotal metabolic pathways, offer considerable therapeutic potential for managing the metabolic disturbances associated with smoking cessation and nicotine addiction. Currently, varenicline tartrate is among the most widely prescribed pharmacological agents for smoking cessation, primarily targeting nicotine acetylcholine receptors in the brain. However, its potential side effects and inherent limitations underscore the need for alternative, natural compounds that could offer therapeutic benefits with fewer adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to compare the inhibitory potentials of methyl eugenol, naphthalene, and linalool with varenicline tartrate by focusing on their effects on critical enzymes involved in metabolic processes and their antioxidant activities. Using both in vitro and in silico approaches, we assessed the enzyme-inhibitory effects of these compounds on α-amylase, β-glucosidase, lipase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and serine protease. We also evaluated their antioxidant activities using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results demonstrated that methyl eugenol exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on all enzymes tested, with 90.65% inhibition and an IC50 of 1.61 ± 0.25 µM for Lipase, 80.73% inhibition and an IC50 of 1.60 ± 1.34 µM for β-glucosidase, and 85.92% inhibition and an IC50 of 2.82 ± 0.08 µM for α-amylase. Methyl eugenol also showed significant AChE inhibition, achieving 70.29% inhibition and an IC50 of 2.24 ± 0.05 µM, surpassing varenicline tartrate’s 50.34% inhibition at an IC50 of 7.74 µM. Among the compounds tested, Linalool exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, achieving a DPPH scavenging percentage of 65.12%. Varenicline tartrate followed at 64.83%, and methyl eugenol recorded 63.07% in the DPPH scavenging assay. In conclusion, methyl eugenol demonstrated superior enzyme-inhibitory and moderate antioxidant effects, positioning it as a promising natural alternative to varenicline tartrate for smoking cessation therapy. These findings suggest that methyl eugenol, together with other bioactive compounds such as linalool, may offer valuable alternatives for managing metabolic disturbances associated with smoking cessation and nicotine addiction.