<p>Suppose <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q\subset {\mathbb {R}}^{d}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a cube and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( W^{s_{0},p_{0}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(W^{\sigma ,q}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(W^{s_{1},p_{1}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are three Sobolev-Slobodeckiĭ spaces such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(s_{0}, s_{1}\ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="102" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p_{0}, p_{1}\in [1,\infty ]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="147" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma :=\left( 1-\theta \right) s_0+\theta s_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mfenced> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1/q:=\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="126" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( (1-\theta )/p_0+\theta /p_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for some <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\theta \in (0,1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the embedding <Equation ID="Equ1"> <EquationNumber>*</EquationNumber> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_Equ1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="255" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} W^{\sigma ,q}(Q) \hookrightarrow W^{s_{0},p_{0}}(Q)+W^{s_{1},p_{1}}(Q), \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">↪</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>to hold. By this we complement some results of Mironescu (Sum-Intersection Property of Sobolev Spaces. vol 135. Springer, Cham. [<CitationRef CitationID="CR12">12</CitationRef>]). We also show the connection of our results with the Gagliardo–Nirenberg noninequalities proved by Brezis and Mironescu (Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities and non-inequalities: the full story. 35(5): 355–1376 [<CitationRef CitationID="CR4">4</CitationRef>]) and, in the case (<InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="209_2025_3802_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="9" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( *\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) does not hold, we indicate the construction of some counterexamples.</p>

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Pathological sums of Sobolev spaces and some counterexamples

  • Eduard Curcă

摘要

Suppose \(Q\subset {\mathbb {R}}^{d}\) Q R d is a cube and \( W^{s_{0},p_{0}}\) W s 0 , p 0 , \(W^{\sigma ,q}\) W σ , q , \(W^{s_{1},p_{1}}\) W s 1 , p 1 are three Sobolev-Slobodeckiĭ spaces such that \(s_{0}, s_{1}\ge 0\) s 0 , s 1 0 , \(p_{0}, p_{1}\in [1,\infty ]\) p 0 , p 1 [ 1 , ] and \(\sigma :=\left( 1-\theta \right) s_0+\theta s_1\) σ : = 1 - θ s 0 + θ s 1 , \(1/q:=\) 1 / q : = \( (1-\theta )/p_0+\theta /p_1\) ( 1 - θ ) / p 0 + θ / p 1 for some \(\theta \in (0,1)\) θ ( 0 , 1 ) . We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the embedding * \(\begin{aligned} W^{\sigma ,q}(Q) \hookrightarrow W^{s_{0},p_{0}}(Q)+W^{s_{1},p_{1}}(Q), \end{aligned}\) W σ , q ( Q ) W s 0 , p 0 ( Q ) + W s 1 , p 1 ( Q ) , to hold. By this we complement some results of Mironescu (Sum-Intersection Property of Sobolev Spaces. vol 135. Springer, Cham. [12]). We also show the connection of our results with the Gagliardo–Nirenberg noninequalities proved by Brezis and Mironescu (Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities and non-inequalities: the full story. 35(5): 355–1376 [4]) and, in the case ( \( *\) ) does not hold, we indicate the construction of some counterexamples.