<p>In this paper, we investigate the singularities and their propagation properties of potential energy functionals, in the space of all Borel probability measures with compact support <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathscr {P}_c(\mathbb {R}^m)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <Equation ID="Equ63"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_Equ63.gif" Format="GIF" Height="41" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="244" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \Phi (\mu ):=\int _{\mathbb {R}^m}\phi \,d\mu ,\,\,\,\,\forall \mu \in {{\mathscr {P}}}_c(\mathbb {R}^m), \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </msup> </msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>∀</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">P</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>(we denote <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Phi (\cdot )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> by <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\phi (\cdot )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for brevity hereafter) associated with semiconcave functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\phi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϕ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> defined on <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Our study covers two cases: when <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\phi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϕ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a semiconcave function and when <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>u</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a weak KAM solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="138" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H(x, Du(x)) = c[0]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on a smooth closed manifold. By applying previous work on Hamilton–Jacobi equations in the Wasserstein space, we prove that the singularities of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u(\cdot )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (the potential energy associated with <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>u</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) will propagate globally when <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>u</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a weak KAM solution, and the dynamical cost function <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C^t\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the associated fundamental solution. We also demonstrate the existence of solutions evolving along the cut locus, governed by an irregular Lagrangian semiflow on the cut locus of <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="208_2025_3283_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>u</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Singularities and their propagation in optimal transport

  • Piermarco Cannarsa,
  • Wei Cheng,
  • Tianqi Shi,
  • Wenxue Wei

摘要

In this paper, we investigate the singularities and their propagation properties of potential energy functionals, in the space of all Borel probability measures with compact support \(\mathscr {P}_c(\mathbb {R}^m)\) P c ( R m ) , \(\begin{aligned} \Phi (\mu ):=\int _{\mathbb {R}^m}\phi \,d\mu ,\,\,\,\,\forall \mu \in {{\mathscr {P}}}_c(\mathbb {R}^m), \end{aligned}\) Φ ( μ ) : = R m ϕ d μ , μ P c ( R m ) , (we denote \(\Phi (\cdot )\) Φ ( · ) by \(\phi (\cdot )\) ϕ ( · ) for brevity hereafter) associated with semiconcave functions \(\phi \) ϕ defined on \(\mathbb {R}^m\) R m . Our study covers two cases: when \(\phi \) ϕ is a semiconcave function and when \(u\) u is a weak KAM solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation \(H(x, Du(x)) = c[0]\) H ( x , D u ( x ) ) = c [ 0 ] on a smooth closed manifold. By applying previous work on Hamilton–Jacobi equations in the Wasserstein space, we prove that the singularities of \(u(\cdot )\) u ( · ) (the potential energy associated with \(u\) u ) will propagate globally when \(u\) u is a weak KAM solution, and the dynamical cost function \(C^t\) C t is the associated fundamental solution. We also demonstrate the existence of solutions evolving along the cut locus, governed by an irregular Lagrangian semiflow on the cut locus of \(u\) u .