Quantitative stability of Yang–Mills–Higgs instantons in two dimensions

We prove that if an N-vortex pair nearly minimizes the Yang–Mills–Higgs energy, then it is second order close to a minimizer. First, we use new weighted inequalities in two dimensions and compactness arguments to show stability for sections with some regularity. Second, we define a selection principle using a penalized functional and by the elliptic regularity and smooth perturbation of complex polynomials, we generalize the stability to all nearly minimizing pairs. With the same method, we also prove the analogous second order stability for nearly minimizing pairs on nontrivial line bundles over arbitrary compact smooth surfaces.