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<p>The increasing interest in biofuels has highlighted the potential of cyanobacteria due to their photoautotrophic mode of energy production, lower nutrient requirements for growth, and amenability to genetic modification using various genome engineering tools for the production of different types of biofuels. Terpene-based biofuels remain largely underexploited commercially and are currently limited to pilot-scale production. However, with extensive ongoing research, it may become possible to replace traditional fuels with terpenes as fuel additives for modern engines and aircraft. This review critically discusses various cyanobacterial species and strains used for the production of different terpenes, which are in high demand at present. Recent technologies, including high-density cultivation and multi-cultivator systems, significantly enhance terpene production in genetically engineered cyanobacteria, when applied to genetically improved strains. The commonly utilized cyanobacterial strains in recent studies include <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> PCC 7942 and PCC 7002, <i>Synechocystis</i> PCC 6803 as well as fast-growing strains such as <i>Synechococcus</i> UTEX 2973, all of which possess strong genetic backgrounds suitable for industrial applications. Moreover, this review emphasizes emerging opportunities such as the efficient conversion of CO₂ into terpenes through the overexpression of endogenous MEP pathway genes or the introduction of exogenous MVA pathway genes. It also highlights advancements in CRISPR technology, integrated with genome-scale metabolic modelling. Finally, it addresses key challenges that must be considered for sustainable terpene biosynthesis, including terpene synthase enzyme expression, rate-limiting steps in upstream and downstream pathways, competition with native metabolic pathways, and target product toxicity, all of which may impair cyanobacterial growth. To overcome these challenges, continued metabolic engineering strategies are essential for achieving sustainable terpene-based biofuel production and facilitating the transition toward a green bioeconomy.</p>

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Terpene-based biofuels production: a revolutionizing role of cyanobacteria through metabolic engineering, opportunities and challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Aakash Kamalesan,
  • K. K. Kumar,
  • Bharathi Nathan,
  • Renukadevi Perumal,
  • Senthil Natesan,
  • Vellaikumar Sampathrajan

摘要

The increasing interest in biofuels has highlighted the potential of cyanobacteria due to their photoautotrophic mode of energy production, lower nutrient requirements for growth, and amenability to genetic modification using various genome engineering tools for the production of different types of biofuels. Terpene-based biofuels remain largely underexploited commercially and are currently limited to pilot-scale production. However, with extensive ongoing research, it may become possible to replace traditional fuels with terpenes as fuel additives for modern engines and aircraft. This review critically discusses various cyanobacterial species and strains used for the production of different terpenes, which are in high demand at present. Recent technologies, including high-density cultivation and multi-cultivator systems, significantly enhance terpene production in genetically engineered cyanobacteria, when applied to genetically improved strains. The commonly utilized cyanobacterial strains in recent studies include Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and PCC 7002, Synechocystis PCC 6803 as well as fast-growing strains such as Synechococcus UTEX 2973, all of which possess strong genetic backgrounds suitable for industrial applications. Moreover, this review emphasizes emerging opportunities such as the efficient conversion of CO₂ into terpenes through the overexpression of endogenous MEP pathway genes or the introduction of exogenous MVA pathway genes. It also highlights advancements in CRISPR technology, integrated with genome-scale metabolic modelling. Finally, it addresses key challenges that must be considered for sustainable terpene biosynthesis, including terpene synthase enzyme expression, rate-limiting steps in upstream and downstream pathways, competition with native metabolic pathways, and target product toxicity, all of which may impair cyanobacterial growth. To overcome these challenges, continued metabolic engineering strategies are essential for achieving sustainable terpene-based biofuel production and facilitating the transition toward a green bioeconomy.