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<p><i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a globally significant threat to peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.) production, causing yellow mold disease and contaminating crops with carcinogenic aflatoxins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the origins, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and sustainable management of this disease, with a specific focus on pre-harvest interventions. The disease cycle originates from soil-borne inoculum and spreads via wind and insects. As a saprophytic opportunist, <i>A. flavus</i> deploys hydrolytic enzymes, with host lipids governing sporulation and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Pathogenicity is orchestrated by an intricate signalling network: GPCRs sense host oxylipins, activating cAMP/PKA and three MAPK cascades (Fus3, HOG, CWI), while the TOR pathway functions as an independent nutrient sensor; these converge on the velvet complex (VeA, VelB, LaeA) to regulate development and virulence. Diagnosis integrates visual scales, culture, chemical (TLC, HPLC-MS/MS), immunological (ELISA), and molecular tools (PCR, qPCR, LAMP). Management strategies have advanced through breeding partially resistant cultivars (leveraging defense-related genes, microRNAs, and CRISPR-based tools) and biological control using non-aflatoxigenic <i>A. flavus</i> strains, beneficial bacteria, microbial cell-free supernatants, and plant metabolites. However, we critically evaluate concerns that non-aflatoxigenic biocontrol strains may retain plant-pathogenic potential independent of aflatoxin production. Because complete genetic resistance remains elusive, we advocate integrated disease management combining host resistance, biocontrol, cultural practices, and climate-adaptive surveillance. Future priorities include elucidating the ecological role of sexual recombination, validating field-deployable diagnostics, implementing digital phenotyping, and developing predictive models that incorporate climate change scenarios to safeguard peanut production and global food safety.</p>

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Aspergillus flavus—peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) interactions: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and sustainable management of yellow mold disease

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Lai Loi Trinh,
  • Hoai Huong Nguyen

摘要

Aspergillus flavus is a globally significant threat to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production, causing yellow mold disease and contaminating crops with carcinogenic aflatoxins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the origins, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and sustainable management of this disease, with a specific focus on pre-harvest interventions. The disease cycle originates from soil-borne inoculum and spreads via wind and insects. As a saprophytic opportunist, A. flavus deploys hydrolytic enzymes, with host lipids governing sporulation and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Pathogenicity is orchestrated by an intricate signalling network: GPCRs sense host oxylipins, activating cAMP/PKA and three MAPK cascades (Fus3, HOG, CWI), while the TOR pathway functions as an independent nutrient sensor; these converge on the velvet complex (VeA, VelB, LaeA) to regulate development and virulence. Diagnosis integrates visual scales, culture, chemical (TLC, HPLC-MS/MS), immunological (ELISA), and molecular tools (PCR, qPCR, LAMP). Management strategies have advanced through breeding partially resistant cultivars (leveraging defense-related genes, microRNAs, and CRISPR-based tools) and biological control using non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains, beneficial bacteria, microbial cell-free supernatants, and plant metabolites. However, we critically evaluate concerns that non-aflatoxigenic biocontrol strains may retain plant-pathogenic potential independent of aflatoxin production. Because complete genetic resistance remains elusive, we advocate integrated disease management combining host resistance, biocontrol, cultural practices, and climate-adaptive surveillance. Future priorities include elucidating the ecological role of sexual recombination, validating field-deployable diagnostics, implementing digital phenotyping, and developing predictive models that incorporate climate change scenarios to safeguard peanut production and global food safety.