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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable bio-resources has intensified interest in algae-derived high-value biomolecules, particularly phycoerythrin (PE), a vibrant red phycobiliprotein with significant commercial and biomedical potential. Beyond its role as a natural colorant, PE exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, supporting its growing applications in food systems, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and diagnostic technologies. Despite these advantages, the large-scale commercialization of PE remains limited due to several challenges. These include physicochemical instability under thermal, photic, and acidic conditions, along with inefficient and costly extraction and purification processes. Such limitations restrict scalable production and economic feasibility, creating a significant barrier to industrial utilization. This review critically examines the structural and functional characteristics of PE, its biosynthetic pathways, and its role in photosynthetic light harvesting. It also focuses on current extraction technologies, stabilization strategies, and quantitative analytical methods, highlighting the technical bottlenecks that limit industrial application. The review discusses emerging processing innovations and future research directions aimed at improving PE stability, extraction yield, and cost-effectiveness. By integrating recent advances and identifying unresolved challenges, the review provides a framework for advancing PE toward sustainable, large-scale, and economically viable commercialization.</p>

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Phycoerythrin from algae: functional properties, bioactivities, production challenges, and industrial prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Ashiq Ali,
  • Humaira Muzaffar,
  • Shatha Ali Hassoun,
  • Muhammad Afzaal,
  • Catherine Tamale Ndagire

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable bio-resources has intensified interest in algae-derived high-value biomolecules, particularly phycoerythrin (PE), a vibrant red phycobiliprotein with significant commercial and biomedical potential. Beyond its role as a natural colorant, PE exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, supporting its growing applications in food systems, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and diagnostic technologies. Despite these advantages, the large-scale commercialization of PE remains limited due to several challenges. These include physicochemical instability under thermal, photic, and acidic conditions, along with inefficient and costly extraction and purification processes. Such limitations restrict scalable production and economic feasibility, creating a significant barrier to industrial utilization. This review critically examines the structural and functional characteristics of PE, its biosynthetic pathways, and its role in photosynthetic light harvesting. It also focuses on current extraction technologies, stabilization strategies, and quantitative analytical methods, highlighting the technical bottlenecks that limit industrial application. The review discusses emerging processing innovations and future research directions aimed at improving PE stability, extraction yield, and cost-effectiveness. By integrating recent advances and identifying unresolved challenges, the review provides a framework for advancing PE toward sustainable, large-scale, and economically viable commercialization.