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<p>The outer membrane (OM) of <i>Salmonella</i> is a complex, asymmetric, and dynamic barrier that is essential for <i>Salmonella</i> survival, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance. This review comprehensively summarizes the structures and functions of the three principal components of the <i>Salmonella</i> outer membrane, namely proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids. Outer membrane proteins can be classified into five major functional categories. (1) Structural maintenance and assembly proteins, such as outer membrane protein A and the β-barrel assembly machinery complex, are critical for maintaining outer membrane integrity. (2) Transport channel proteins, including the general porin OmpC and the substrate-specific channel LamB, facilitate the passive diffusion of small molecules. (3) TonB-dependent transport systems, such as FepA and FhuA, mediate the active uptake of essential nutrients, particularly iron. (4) Proteins with catalytic and metabolic activities, including PagP and PgtE, are involved in lipid modification and membrane remodeling. (5) Virulence-associated proteins, such as PagC, PagN, and Rck, play key roles in bacterial adhesion to and invasion of host cells. The lipopolysaccharides of <i>Salmonella</i> consists of three distinct structural domains: (1) lipid A, which constitutes the endotoxic core and is regulated by the PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system; (2) the core polysaccharide, which serves a structural linking function; and (3) the O-antigen, which determines serotype specificity and contributes to immune evasion. In addition, the outer membrane phospholipids—primarily phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin—are essential for maintaining membrane fluidity, stability, and lipid asymmetry. Overall, this review provides an integrated overview of the molecular structures and biological functions of the <i>Salmonella</i> outer membrane, offering a theoretical foundation for the development of novel antibacterial drugs and vaccines.</p>

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The structures and functions of Salmonella outer membrane

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Xinliang Liu,
  • Hongwei Zheng,
  • Jiaqi Ma,
  • Jiade Zhao,
  • Yuan Ma,
  • Jinxin Sun,
  • Zhiwei Guo,
  • Yu Wang,
  • Yifei Li,
  • Yizhen Wang,
  • Hongjie Yang,
  • Lei Liu,
  • Qin Tang,
  • Xiaojuan Zhang,
  • Wanwu Li

摘要

The outer membrane (OM) of Salmonella is a complex, asymmetric, and dynamic barrier that is essential for Salmonella survival, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance. This review comprehensively summarizes the structures and functions of the three principal components of the Salmonella outer membrane, namely proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids. Outer membrane proteins can be classified into five major functional categories. (1) Structural maintenance and assembly proteins, such as outer membrane protein A and the β-barrel assembly machinery complex, are critical for maintaining outer membrane integrity. (2) Transport channel proteins, including the general porin OmpC and the substrate-specific channel LamB, facilitate the passive diffusion of small molecules. (3) TonB-dependent transport systems, such as FepA and FhuA, mediate the active uptake of essential nutrients, particularly iron. (4) Proteins with catalytic and metabolic activities, including PagP and PgtE, are involved in lipid modification and membrane remodeling. (5) Virulence-associated proteins, such as PagC, PagN, and Rck, play key roles in bacterial adhesion to and invasion of host cells. The lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella consists of three distinct structural domains: (1) lipid A, which constitutes the endotoxic core and is regulated by the PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system; (2) the core polysaccharide, which serves a structural linking function; and (3) the O-antigen, which determines serotype specificity and contributes to immune evasion. In addition, the outer membrane phospholipids—primarily phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin—are essential for maintaining membrane fluidity, stability, and lipid asymmetry. Overall, this review provides an integrated overview of the molecular structures and biological functions of the Salmonella outer membrane, offering a theoretical foundation for the development of novel antibacterial drugs and vaccines.