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<p>The antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of <i>ar</i>-turmerone, a major constituent of <i>Curcuma longa</i> essential oil, against Gram-positive clinical pathogenic strains of bacteria was evaluated in this study. <i>ar</i>-turmerone was extracted from turmeric essential oil using silica gel column chromatography and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antibacterial efficacy was tested via broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC and clinical isolate), <i>S. epidermidis</i> clinical isolate, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> clinical isolate, and <i>Streptococcus viridans</i> clinical isolate. Biofilm inhibition (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration, MBIC) and eradication (minimum biofilm eradication concentration, MBEC) were assessed using crystal violet assays and bactericidal effect was then confirmed using resazurin viability assay and live/dead fluorescence microscopy. <i>Ar-</i>turmerone’s activity was compared with its crude source, turmeric essential oil, to demonstrate the potency gained upon purification. Gentamicin and quercetin served as controls for antibacterial and antibiofilm effects, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed disruption of biofilm structure post-treatment. <i>Ar-</i>turmerone exhibited significantly lower MIC, MBIC and MBEC values than the turmeric essential oil and the standard drugs. Cytotoxicity testing on HEK 293 and L929 fibroblast cells showed that <i>ar</i>-turmerone was highly biocompatible (IC₅₀ = 11.09 mM in HEK 293; no cytotoxicity in L929 up to 9.25 mM). This study provides a comprehensive in vitro evaluation of <i>ar</i>-turmerone’s antibacterial, biofilm inhibitory and eradication potential. The efficacy of <i>ar</i>-turmerone against biofilm-forming, drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens and low cytotoxicity established the compound for future development as a plant-derived antimicrobial agent.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of ar-turmerone derived from Curcuma longa L. arrested multidrug-resistant pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Neha Panwar,
  • Rambir Singh,
  • Satendra Singh,
  • Manisha Tiwari,
  • Pratibha Mehta Luthra

摘要

The antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of ar-turmerone, a major constituent of Curcuma longa essential oil, against Gram-positive clinical pathogenic strains of bacteria was evaluated in this study. ar-turmerone was extracted from turmeric essential oil using silica gel column chromatography and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antibacterial efficacy was tested via broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC and clinical isolate), S. epidermidis clinical isolate, Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolate, and Streptococcus viridans clinical isolate. Biofilm inhibition (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration, MBIC) and eradication (minimum biofilm eradication concentration, MBEC) were assessed using crystal violet assays and bactericidal effect was then confirmed using resazurin viability assay and live/dead fluorescence microscopy. Ar-turmerone’s activity was compared with its crude source, turmeric essential oil, to demonstrate the potency gained upon purification. Gentamicin and quercetin served as controls for antibacterial and antibiofilm effects, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed disruption of biofilm structure post-treatment. Ar-turmerone exhibited significantly lower MIC, MBIC and MBEC values than the turmeric essential oil and the standard drugs. Cytotoxicity testing on HEK 293 and L929 fibroblast cells showed that ar-turmerone was highly biocompatible (IC₅₀ = 11.09 mM in HEK 293; no cytotoxicity in L929 up to 9.25 mM). This study provides a comprehensive in vitro evaluation of ar-turmerone’s antibacterial, biofilm inhibitory and eradication potential. The efficacy of ar-turmerone against biofilm-forming, drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens and low cytotoxicity established the compound for future development as a plant-derived antimicrobial agent.

Graphical abstract