Resilient and sustainable PD-(1+PI) controller for a smart grid in uncertain environments

Conventional power systems become modern and smart by integrating renewable power sources and devices with two-way communication, making the system more complicated. The uncertain and unpredictable behavior of renewable sources creates an uncertain environment where frequency and power imbalance occur in the smart grid. Therefore, this paper proposed a novel smart grid frequency regulation controller using a parasitism predation algorithm (PPA)-based PD-(1+PI) controller. The recommended controllers resilience is claimed by taking various scenarios where renewable sources integration, injected disturbance in renewable sources, multi-step load variations, nonlinearity in the system, threats of cyber attack are considered. The results are taken conducting simulations using MATLAB. This reveals the performance index, and integral square error value with the proposed PPA-based PD-(1+PI) is enhanced by 54.55%, 71.23% and 65.16% compared to PPA-based PID, cascaded PI-PD and PD-PI controller, respectively. The frequency stability of the smart grid with the suggested PD-(1+PI) controller is exhibited through bode analysis. Further, the adaptive behavior of the PD-(1+PI) controller has been showcased through the sensitivity analysis due to the inconsistencies in the parameters of the smart grid. Finally, an OPAL-RT is used to validate the simulation findings in order to examine the reliability and flexibility.