A novel approach for optimal deployment of plug-in electric vehicles with integrated renewable energy sources

The electrification of transportation significantly impacts the dynamics of distribution networks (DNs), necessitating a strategic approach to deploying plug-in electric vehicle charging stations (PEVCSs). This study introduces a pragmatic methodology for determining optimal locations for PEVCSs within the IEEE 33-bus system framework. The motivation behind this research stems from the need to enhance DN reliability and efficiency while accommodating the growing demand for electric vehicle charging, thereby supporting environmental sustainability goals. The proposed model considers four principal factors: active power loss, reactive power loss, voltage regulation, and the voltage stability index (VSI). To mitigate the increased energy demand from PEVCSs, the study advocates incorporating solar-powered distributed generation (SPDG) units. A significant contribution of this research is the introduction of two loss sensitivity factors (LSFs) designed to rank load buses by their criticality, ensuring a more targeted and effective deployment of PEVCSs. The model evaluates the DN's reliability post-implementation of PEVCSs and SPDGs through seven distinct case studies, ranging from baseline scenarios to individually and concurrently allocating multiple PEVCSs and SPDG units. The key findings reveal that the optimal placement of PEVCSs and SPDGs significantly decreases active power loss, reducing it from 202.67 kW in the baseline scenario to 24.59 kW in the best-case scenario. Similarly, reactive power loss is also reduced, dropping from 135.4 kVAR in the base case to 17.74 kVAR in the best-case scenario (CS 6). Additionally, integrating SPDG units improves voltage profiles and stability across the network. This model's adaptability to various geographic and climatic conditions enhances its practical utility, offering valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders. The results provide a robust framework for the large-scale deployment of PEV infrastructure powered by renewable energy sources, contributing to the development of sustainable and resilient power distribution systems.