Minimizing voltage fluctuation in stand-alone microgrid system using a Kriging-based multi-objective stochastic optimization algorithm

Ensuring sustainable access to electricity in regions with insufficient infrastructure, such as rural and hilly areas, can be effectively achieved through stand-alone microgrid systems utilizing renewable sources and storage systems. These systems face challenges due to the unpredictable behavior of users and the inherent uncertainties of renewable sources, which result in significant voltage fluctuations. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a Kriging-based multi-objective stochastic optimization algorithm designed to minimize voltage fluctuations in photovoltaic and wind power integrated stand-alone microgrid systems. The algorithm optimizes the design of the microgrid by simultaneously minimizing the total cost, carbon emissions, system reliability, and voltage fluctuation. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing methods, achieving lower costs, reduced emissions, and improved reliability while effectively mitigating voltage fluctuations. These results suggest that the proposed approach offers a robust solution for enhancing the performance and stability of stand-alone microgrids in areas lacking traditional electrical infrastructure.