Integrating the dynamic frequency security in the real-time scheduling considering the accurate models and network constraints

The frequency security issue has become more critical in recent decades for various reasons, especially the reduced and degraded primary frequency control (PFC) response of traditional participants based on the economic incentives of generation units to earn more profit in the energy market. Since frequency security is a dynamic phenomenon, incorporating it into an optimization problem such as scheduling is complicated, especially with realistic modeling assumptions. This difficulty can be solved using a variety of solutions ranging from simple and inaccurate static methods to complex and accurate dynamic approaches. This paper proposes a competitive mechanism among participants in real-time scheduling (hour-ahead) that integrates the dynamic frequency security in the economic optimization procedure, hence enhancing the frequency security. The proposed formulation is a rescheduling scheme based on optimal power flow (OPF) which clears the energy and reserve simultaneously and considers the network constraints. Also, this mechanism uses the accurate model of the governors by including all of the influential parameters on PFC. The cutting-plane model of the nadir frequency function is used to resolve the complexity of the optimization problem. In addition, a framework for multi-objective optimization has been developed that enables the policymakers to reconcile the frequency security with the rescheduling cost. Finally, the correctness and the efficiency of the proposed framework are demonstrated from the economic and technical perspectives based on the implementation of the IEEERTS.