Risk Factors of Pelvic Floor Disorders Among Women in Rural Nepal: A Case–Control Study

Risk factors for pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) are not well understood in lower resource settings. The objective of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) among women of reproductive age in rural Nepal.

This is a case–control study nested within a community-based cross-sectional survey of parous women of reproductive age with PFDs in the Sarlahi District of Nepal. The presence of PFDs was confirmed by clinical assessment. Detailed sociodemographic information and histories were captured.

We examined 406 women; the mean (SD, range) age was 32.7 (8.5, 16–49) years, mean BMI (SD) was 19.7 (3.3) kg/m², and median (range) number of pregnancies was 4 (1–11). Two hundred and three women (50.0%) had either SUI or UUI, 85 (17.8%) had both SUI and UUI, and 71 (17.5%) had POP at or beyond the hymen. After controlling for other variables significant on bivariate analysis, age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.06 [95% CI 1.03–1.09]), illiteracy (aOR 2.24 [95% CI 1.04–4.80]), and presence of upper gastrointestinal issues (aOR 3.30, [95% CI 1.77–6.16]) were independently associated with SUI/UUI. Age (aOR 1.05 [95% CI 1.02–1.09]), bispinous diameter (aOR 2.88 ([95% CI 1.11–7.47]), and subpubic angle (aOR 2.78 [95% CI 1.55–5.03]) were independently associated with POP.

Risk factors for PFDs in a homogenous community of parous women of reproductive age in rural Nepal are similar to those found in parous women in higher income countries.