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<p>Bellows are multifunctional materials that have recently garnered attention for use in soft robots to hold sensitive objects. The current study focused on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of 3D-printed TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane) bellows under compression. Bellows were designed and printed without support using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method. Bellows were compressed quasi-statically, and an in-situ camera captured their deformation behavior. Finite element (FE) modeling of the TPU bellows with and without vacuum pressures was carried out using the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material model. Bellows with 90° and 105° angles showed positive grasping forces, which are helpful for parallel grippers. The TPU bellows with a 90° profile angle showed an efficient folding process with a homogenous stress distribution, while the TPU bellows with a 105° profile angle exhibited apexes with asymmetric deformation. According to FE modeling, bellows with a 105° angle exhibited significant collapse at cavity pressures of 0, -40, -60, -100, and − 150&#xa0;kPa. The thickness (2&#xa0;mm) and E-modulus (24&#xa0;MPa), along with a high convolution height (5.2&#xa0;mm), were identified as factors contributing to the positive grasping forces.</p>

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Geometry-dependent mechanical response of additively manufactured thermoplastic polyurethane bellows

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Ali Can Kaya

摘要

Bellows are multifunctional materials that have recently garnered attention for use in soft robots to hold sensitive objects. The current study focused on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of 3D-printed TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane) bellows under compression. Bellows were designed and printed without support using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method. Bellows were compressed quasi-statically, and an in-situ camera captured their deformation behavior. Finite element (FE) modeling of the TPU bellows with and without vacuum pressures was carried out using the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material model. Bellows with 90° and 105° angles showed positive grasping forces, which are helpful for parallel grippers. The TPU bellows with a 90° profile angle showed an efficient folding process with a homogenous stress distribution, while the TPU bellows with a 105° profile angle exhibited apexes with asymmetric deformation. According to FE modeling, bellows with a 105° angle exhibited significant collapse at cavity pressures of 0, -40, -60, -100, and − 150 kPa. The thickness (2 mm) and E-modulus (24 MPa), along with a high convolution height (5.2 mm), were identified as factors contributing to the positive grasping forces.