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<p>Uneven heat distribution in welding processes often leads to problems such as grain coarsening, element segregation, and poor mechanical properties in the joint area. Cooling-assisted welding (CW) achieves microstructural and compositional modifications in the weld zone through temperature field distortion, thereby enhancing welding quality and efficiency: the cooling medium suppresses residual tensile stress and compressive plastic strain caused by uneven heat distribution during welding; accelerated condensation rates promote grain refinement, compositional homogenization, and inhibits the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), thereby reducing crack sensitivity; the synergistic effects of multiple strengthening mechanisms contribute to improvements in material mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current state of research on cooling-assisted welding, focusing on the effects of various cooling media (such as water, compressed air, liquid nitrogen, etc.) and cooling process parameters (such as cooling medium, cooling distance, cooling rate, etc.) on weld bead formation, grain growth behavior, phase transformation, microstructural composition, and structural evolution. It also examines how these factors influence joint microhardness, residual stress, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue behavior. Current CW research exhibits insufficient exploration of solid-state cooling sources, necessitating the development of low-cost, high-efficiency cooling media. Extreme cooling methods face challenges in engineering implementation, and cooling intensity lacks a quantitative assessment. Concurrently, investigations into molten pool dynamics remain inadequate, with limited analysis of the correlation mechanisms between joint fatigue and corrosion properties and microstructure. Future research should focus on these areas to advance technological optimization and engineering applications.</p>

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Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints based on cooling assistance: current status and prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Yazhou Jia,
  • Jiahao Liang,
  • Pan Gao,
  • Yunjing Chen,
  • Jun Xiao,
  • Wenhao Huang

摘要

Uneven heat distribution in welding processes often leads to problems such as grain coarsening, element segregation, and poor mechanical properties in the joint area. Cooling-assisted welding (CW) achieves microstructural and compositional modifications in the weld zone through temperature field distortion, thereby enhancing welding quality and efficiency: the cooling medium suppresses residual tensile stress and compressive plastic strain caused by uneven heat distribution during welding; accelerated condensation rates promote grain refinement, compositional homogenization, and inhibits the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), thereby reducing crack sensitivity; the synergistic effects of multiple strengthening mechanisms contribute to improvements in material mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current state of research on cooling-assisted welding, focusing on the effects of various cooling media (such as water, compressed air, liquid nitrogen, etc.) and cooling process parameters (such as cooling medium, cooling distance, cooling rate, etc.) on weld bead formation, grain growth behavior, phase transformation, microstructural composition, and structural evolution. It also examines how these factors influence joint microhardness, residual stress, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue behavior. Current CW research exhibits insufficient exploration of solid-state cooling sources, necessitating the development of low-cost, high-efficiency cooling media. Extreme cooling methods face challenges in engineering implementation, and cooling intensity lacks a quantitative assessment. Concurrently, investigations into molten pool dynamics remain inadequate, with limited analysis of the correlation mechanisms between joint fatigue and corrosion properties and microstructure. Future research should focus on these areas to advance technological optimization and engineering applications.