<p>Effective thermal management is essential to ensure the reliability, performance, and service life of modern electronic systems. As electronics become increasingly compact and power-dense, heat fluxes in components such as CPUs, GPUs, power semiconductors, LEDs, and electric-vehicle power electronics are approaching and, in many cases, exceeding the practical limits of classical air-cooled heat sinks. This paper proposes a Design-for-Additive-Manufacturing (D<i>f</i>AM) framework for advanced heat sink architectures that links performance-driven thermal design to additive manufacturing (AM) constraints, materials selection, and qualification requirements. The framework integrates computational design tools including generative design, topology optimization, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and finite element analysis (FEA) to enable compact, lightweight architectures with complex features such as lattices, internal channels, and conformal geometries that are difficult or impossible to fabricate using conventional methods. A key contribution of the D<i>f</i>AM framework is the explicit coupling of thermal objectives (thermal resistance, heat transfer area, flow distribution) with manufacturability and reliability drivers (minimum feature size, overhang/support strategy, build orientation, surface roughness, anisotropy, residual stress, and defect sensitivity). In addition, data-driven methods and artificial intelligence are positioned as accelerators for rapid performance prediction, multi-objective optimization, and process-to-performance qualifications. Overall, the paper provides a structured design-to-manufacturing roadmap for AM-enabled heat sinks and identifies practical implementation of barriers and research opportunities needed for scalable deployment in next-generation electronics.</p>

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Design-for-additive-manufacturing (DfAM) framework for advanced heat sink architectures

  • Md Junaid Shekh,
  • Hitesh D. Vora

摘要

Effective thermal management is essential to ensure the reliability, performance, and service life of modern electronic systems. As electronics become increasingly compact and power-dense, heat fluxes in components such as CPUs, GPUs, power semiconductors, LEDs, and electric-vehicle power electronics are approaching and, in many cases, exceeding the practical limits of classical air-cooled heat sinks. This paper proposes a Design-for-Additive-Manufacturing (DfAM) framework for advanced heat sink architectures that links performance-driven thermal design to additive manufacturing (AM) constraints, materials selection, and qualification requirements. The framework integrates computational design tools including generative design, topology optimization, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and finite element analysis (FEA) to enable compact, lightweight architectures with complex features such as lattices, internal channels, and conformal geometries that are difficult or impossible to fabricate using conventional methods. A key contribution of the DfAM framework is the explicit coupling of thermal objectives (thermal resistance, heat transfer area, flow distribution) with manufacturability and reliability drivers (minimum feature size, overhang/support strategy, build orientation, surface roughness, anisotropy, residual stress, and defect sensitivity). In addition, data-driven methods and artificial intelligence are positioned as accelerators for rapid performance prediction, multi-objective optimization, and process-to-performance qualifications. Overall, the paper provides a structured design-to-manufacturing roadmap for AM-enabled heat sinks and identifies practical implementation of barriers and research opportunities needed for scalable deployment in next-generation electronics.