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<p>Additive manufacturing via direct ink writing (DIW) allows precise control over scaffold architecture and enables the development of multifunctional biomaterials for wound healing. In this study, a Shilajit (<i>Asphaltum punjabianum)</i> loaded carboxymethyl cellulose&#xa0;(CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol&#xa0;(PVA)-based scaffold was fabricated and systematically evaluated. Motivated by the need for bioactive, antimicrobial, and biodegradable wound dressings, the optimized bioink demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, ensuring excellent printability and structural fidelity. The 3D-printed scaffold exhibited an interconnected porous network confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis, contributing to enhanced hydrophilicity, cell attachment, and proliferation as validated by WST-8 assay. Under in-vitro conditions, the scaffold degraded by approximately 51% over 168&#xa0;h in phosphate-buffered saline, enabling a sustained release of ~ 57% Shilajit, supported by mathematical kinetic modeling. The released bioactive components demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Furthermore, the scaffold promoted angiogenic and regenerative responses, highlighting its therapeutic relevance. Overall, the incorporation of Shilajit into a DIW-printed CMC/PVA matrix yields a multifunctional scaffold with promising potential for advanced wound healing applications. Future studies will focus on in-vivo validation to support clinical translation.</p>

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3D-printed scaffolds reinforced with natural mineral (Asphaltum Punjabianum) for skin tissue engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Zahida Begum,
  • Muhammad Sameet Ismat,
  • Jaewon Lee,
  • Rimsha Areej,
  • Mohammad Ali,
  • Akbar Niaz,
  • Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman

摘要

Additive manufacturing via direct ink writing (DIW) allows precise control over scaffold architecture and enables the development of multifunctional biomaterials for wound healing. In this study, a Shilajit (Asphaltum punjabianum) loaded carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based scaffold was fabricated and systematically evaluated. Motivated by the need for bioactive, antimicrobial, and biodegradable wound dressings, the optimized bioink demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, ensuring excellent printability and structural fidelity. The 3D-printed scaffold exhibited an interconnected porous network confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis, contributing to enhanced hydrophilicity, cell attachment, and proliferation as validated by WST-8 assay. Under in-vitro conditions, the scaffold degraded by approximately 51% over 168 h in phosphate-buffered saline, enabling a sustained release of ~ 57% Shilajit, supported by mathematical kinetic modeling. The released bioactive components demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the scaffold promoted angiogenic and regenerative responses, highlighting its therapeutic relevance. Overall, the incorporation of Shilajit into a DIW-printed CMC/PVA matrix yields a multifunctional scaffold with promising potential for advanced wound healing applications. Future studies will focus on in-vivo validation to support clinical translation.