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<p>Selecting scaffold architectures that simultaneously meet mechanical integrity requirements and facilitate biological functionality remains a critical challenge in bone tissue engineering. This study presents a comprehensive mechanical evaluation of three distinct porous architectures -stochastic Voronoi, mathematically defined Schwarz Primitive (P), and symmetric Diamond- across physiologically relevant porosities (50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%). Scaffolds were parametrically designed, fabricated from PLA via additive manufacturing, and rigorously assessed through experimental compression testing and finite element analysis (FEA). Results unequivocally demonstrate that both geometric architecture and porosity profoundly dictate mechanical performance. The Diamond architecture exhibited the highest maximum equivalent stress, indicating superior load-bearing capacity under compression. Conversely, the Schwarz P architecture achieved the highest effective elastic modulus, highlighting its exceptional structural stiffness. While the Voronoi scaffold offers inherent biomimicry, its stochastic structure yields significantly weaker mechanical properties than those of periodic designs. Critically, increasing porosity consistently reduced strength and stiffness across all architectures, aligning with the essential goal of mitigating stress-shielding effects in bone regeneration. A strong correlation between experimental and FEA results validated the computational models. These findings provide actionable guidelines for scaffold design, emphasizing the trade-offs between biomimicry, mechanical strength, and stiffness, and underscore the critical role of targeted porosity selection for optimizing bone substitute performance.</p>

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Mechanical performance of Schwarz and lattice diamond regular architecture versus stochastic Voronoi structure for bone scaffolds: Design, Manufacturing, and FEM analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • İzel Ekinci,
  • Muhammet Mevlüt Karaca,
  • Daver Ali

摘要

Selecting scaffold architectures that simultaneously meet mechanical integrity requirements and facilitate biological functionality remains a critical challenge in bone tissue engineering. This study presents a comprehensive mechanical evaluation of three distinct porous architectures -stochastic Voronoi, mathematically defined Schwarz Primitive (P), and symmetric Diamond- across physiologically relevant porosities (50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%). Scaffolds were parametrically designed, fabricated from PLA via additive manufacturing, and rigorously assessed through experimental compression testing and finite element analysis (FEA). Results unequivocally demonstrate that both geometric architecture and porosity profoundly dictate mechanical performance. The Diamond architecture exhibited the highest maximum equivalent stress, indicating superior load-bearing capacity under compression. Conversely, the Schwarz P architecture achieved the highest effective elastic modulus, highlighting its exceptional structural stiffness. While the Voronoi scaffold offers inherent biomimicry, its stochastic structure yields significantly weaker mechanical properties than those of periodic designs. Critically, increasing porosity consistently reduced strength and stiffness across all architectures, aligning with the essential goal of mitigating stress-shielding effects in bone regeneration. A strong correlation between experimental and FEA results validated the computational models. These findings provide actionable guidelines for scaffold design, emphasizing the trade-offs between biomimicry, mechanical strength, and stiffness, and underscore the critical role of targeted porosity selection for optimizing bone substitute performance.