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<p>The failure of 316&#xa0;L stainless steel as human implants primarily stems from immune rejection caused by surface problems. In this study, hydroxyapatite powder mixed electric discharge machining (HAP-PMEDM) was integrated with high-speed rotational EDM. Using deionized water as the dielectric fluid, a distinctive method, called hydroxyapatite water-based powder mixed electric discharge machining milling (HAP-WB-PMEDM-milling), was developed for the surface modification of 316&#xa0;L stainless steel to reduce immune rejection and enhance machining efficiency. Single-factor tests on machining polarity showed that positive polarity improved material removal rate (MRR) by up to 43.1%, while negative polarity reduced surface roughness (SR) and contact angle (CA) by up to 23.5% and 36.1% respectively. Negative polarity HAP-WB-PMEDM-milling generates oxide-rich coatings on machined surfaces, contributing to CA reduction and biocompatibility improvement. The interaction between processing response indicators and surface characteristics under different polarities was analyzed using Box-Behnken response surface models. Mathematical models for MRR, electrode wear rate (EWR), SR, and CA were established under optimal polarities. Through ANOVA, SEM observations, 3D surface imaging, relationship curves, response surface plots, and current-voltage diagrams, the underlying mechanisms of these interactions were systematically investigated. The response surface analysis elucidates machining principles by revealing the combined effects of single-factor variations and multi-parameter interactions on processing performance. This study quantifies parameter coupling effects via data models and graphs, guiding subsequent process optimization and performance enhancement. The methodology enables improvement of implant surface properties while maintaining machining efficiency, supporting biomedical manufacturing.</p>

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Study on the characteristics of HAP-WB-PMEDM-milling machining of 316L

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Xin-Yu Zhou,
  • Xue Bai,
  • Ting-Yi Yang,
  • Li Li

摘要

The failure of 316 L stainless steel as human implants primarily stems from immune rejection caused by surface problems. In this study, hydroxyapatite powder mixed electric discharge machining (HAP-PMEDM) was integrated with high-speed rotational EDM. Using deionized water as the dielectric fluid, a distinctive method, called hydroxyapatite water-based powder mixed electric discharge machining milling (HAP-WB-PMEDM-milling), was developed for the surface modification of 316 L stainless steel to reduce immune rejection and enhance machining efficiency. Single-factor tests on machining polarity showed that positive polarity improved material removal rate (MRR) by up to 43.1%, while negative polarity reduced surface roughness (SR) and contact angle (CA) by up to 23.5% and 36.1% respectively. Negative polarity HAP-WB-PMEDM-milling generates oxide-rich coatings on machined surfaces, contributing to CA reduction and biocompatibility improvement. The interaction between processing response indicators and surface characteristics under different polarities was analyzed using Box-Behnken response surface models. Mathematical models for MRR, electrode wear rate (EWR), SR, and CA were established under optimal polarities. Through ANOVA, SEM observations, 3D surface imaging, relationship curves, response surface plots, and current-voltage diagrams, the underlying mechanisms of these interactions were systematically investigated. The response surface analysis elucidates machining principles by revealing the combined effects of single-factor variations and multi-parameter interactions on processing performance. This study quantifies parameter coupling effects via data models and graphs, guiding subsequent process optimization and performance enhancement. The methodology enables improvement of implant surface properties while maintaining machining efficiency, supporting biomedical manufacturing.