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<p>The present work highlighted experimental investigation on the effects of tempering on the micrography and machinability of AISI D3 tool steel, generally used for punches and dies in the stamping process, during end milling and dry milling operations. As expected quenching and tempering resulted in improving the mechanical properties. Hardness value in the as received material jumped from 29.1 HRc to up to 61.2 HRc according to the tempering temperature. Effectively as the latter increases, hardness decreases to 48.3 HRc. Relatively, microstructure analyses revealed that carbide particles merged and aggregated according to tempering temperature. EDS microanalysis confirmed the elemental composition of carbide and matrix zones in the microstructure of AISI D3 tool steel, showing a high degree of consistency in all samples examined compared with the initial and post-treatment states. Machinability was characterized by the tool life of TiAlN PVD-coated tungsten carbide inserts (grade GC1030) when milling on a conventional high-rigidity machine tool. The tests showed that increasing the tempering temperature significantly improves the material’s machinability for an even better tool life ranging from 72 to 216&#xa0;min at cutting speed 60&#xa0;m/min. Furthermore, chip formation analysis provided useful insight, correlating microstructural development directly with machining behavior. It indicated a transition from unstable, segmented chips at low tempering temperatures to stable, continuous chips at 650&#xa0;°C, which was associated with optimal tool life and controlled cutting dynamics.</p>

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Effect of tempering on microstructure and machinability of AISI D3 tool steel in end milling with PVD-coated carbide tools

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月13日

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  • Mohamed Zakaria Zahaf,
  • Nacer Mokas,
  • Abdelaziz Amirat,
  • Okba Abid Charef,
  • Abderraouf Khireche,
  • Hamza Ramdani,
  • Noureddine Kacimi,
  • Said Boudebane

摘要

The present work highlighted experimental investigation on the effects of tempering on the micrography and machinability of AISI D3 tool steel, generally used for punches and dies in the stamping process, during end milling and dry milling operations. As expected quenching and tempering resulted in improving the mechanical properties. Hardness value in the as received material jumped from 29.1 HRc to up to 61.2 HRc according to the tempering temperature. Effectively as the latter increases, hardness decreases to 48.3 HRc. Relatively, microstructure analyses revealed that carbide particles merged and aggregated according to tempering temperature. EDS microanalysis confirmed the elemental composition of carbide and matrix zones in the microstructure of AISI D3 tool steel, showing a high degree of consistency in all samples examined compared with the initial and post-treatment states. Machinability was characterized by the tool life of TiAlN PVD-coated tungsten carbide inserts (grade GC1030) when milling on a conventional high-rigidity machine tool. The tests showed that increasing the tempering temperature significantly improves the material’s machinability for an even better tool life ranging from 72 to 216 min at cutting speed 60 m/min. Furthermore, chip formation analysis provided useful insight, correlating microstructural development directly with machining behavior. It indicated a transition from unstable, segmented chips at low tempering temperatures to stable, continuous chips at 650 °C, which was associated with optimal tool life and controlled cutting dynamics.