<p>Selective laser melting (SLM) technique is one of the most representative advanced manufacturing techniques. Since the SLM process parameters affect the multiple quality attributes of the SLM parts, it is very important to perform the optimization and effect evaluation of the SLM process parameters. The SLM process optimization problem is ascribable to multiobjective optimization one that optimizes the multiple quality attributes. This work proposed a reasonable methodology for multiple quality attributes optimization and effect evaluation of the SLM process parameters using a TOPSIS-based comprehensive quality index and Taguchi method. This work applied it to determine the optimal values and effects of the process parameters such as laser power P, scan speed V, and overlap rate O for improving the multiple quality attributes such as tensile strength, hardness, and relative density for the AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by the SLM, separately and simultaneously. As the results, the optimal values of the process parameters were P of 320 or 360 W, V of 600&#xa0;mm/s, and O of 0.35, and the ES ranking of the process parameters was V, O, and P. This work determined the optimal values, effect scores, and effect ranks of the SLM process parameters on the different quality attributes that should be optimized. It could be applied to the SLM process optimization for not only Al alloys but also various metals/alloys.</p>