<p>Ultra-precision grinding technology, as an important technology and key processing means in modern manufacturing industry, plays an important role in high-precision processing of hard and brittle materials in aerospace, electronic information, and other high-end fields. Brittle fracture, serious surface and subsurface damage, and other problems are prone to occur in the processing of hard and brittle materials. Ultra-precision grinding technology can effectively alleviate these problems encountered in the processing process. Among them, laser-assisted grinding technology, EDM grinding technology, ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding technology, and semi-consolidated abrasive grinding technology can increase the critical depth of brittle-ductile transition of hard and brittle materials, making the main way of material removal plastic removal, rather than brittle fracture, reducing the surface and subsurface damage of hard and brittle materials, so as to improve the processing quality of hard and brittle materials. Based on the existing technology, this paper further focuses on the influence of abrasive parameters on the surface machinability of hard and brittle materials in ultra-precision machining. In the grinding process, the shape, rake angle, distribution form, size, and grinding depth of abrasive grains have a significant impact on the material removal mode and surface quality. In this paper, the influence mechanism of the above abrasive parameters on the surface quality and material removal rate of hard and brittle materials is discussed in detail. The research status of abrasive parameters which affect the surface processing performance in ultra-precision machining is summarized, the existing problems are put forward, and the future research direction of ultra-precision machining of hard and brittle materials is prospected.</p>