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<p>This study investigates the interfacial evolution mechanism of OFHC/316L stainless steel composite plates fabricated by impact welding under controlled impact parameters. A light gas gun system is employed to precisely vary the flyer velocity and collision angle, enabling a systematic study of their effects on interfacial morphology, localized melting, and defect formation. Experimental results reveal that increasing the impact velocity enhances the wavelength-to-amplitude ratio of the wavy interface while promoting localized vortex structures and melting zones. In contrast, smaller collision angles hinder the formation of a stable wavy interface and are associated with the generation of numerous voids at the bonding interface. A coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics–finite element method (SPH–FEM) simulation was employed to analyze the dynamic response during OFHC/316L impact welding, capturing jetting behavior, temperature distribution, and interfacial pressure evolution. The simulation findings demonstrate that jet characteristics play a decisive role in governing interfacial instability and defect development specifically in the OFHC/316L impact welding system. Furthermore, significant deviations were observed between the interfacial wave and predictions from classical models, primarily due to localized melting effects at impact velocities approaching the welding upper limit, which are not accounted for in traditional models.This research establishes a parameter-driven approach for optimizing interfacial morphology and minimizing defects, offering practical guidance for the reliable design of copper–steel welded components in high-performance engineering applications.</p>

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Interfacial evolution mechanism of OFHC/316L impact welding affected by welding parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Jiangliang Li,
  • Zeyu Zhou,
  • Bing Xue,
  • Junqi Zhou,
  • Moujin Lin,
  • Jiamou Wu,
  • Jing Ling,
  • Pengfei Gao

摘要

This study investigates the interfacial evolution mechanism of OFHC/316L stainless steel composite plates fabricated by impact welding under controlled impact parameters. A light gas gun system is employed to precisely vary the flyer velocity and collision angle, enabling a systematic study of their effects on interfacial morphology, localized melting, and defect formation. Experimental results reveal that increasing the impact velocity enhances the wavelength-to-amplitude ratio of the wavy interface while promoting localized vortex structures and melting zones. In contrast, smaller collision angles hinder the formation of a stable wavy interface and are associated with the generation of numerous voids at the bonding interface. A coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics–finite element method (SPH–FEM) simulation was employed to analyze the dynamic response during OFHC/316L impact welding, capturing jetting behavior, temperature distribution, and interfacial pressure evolution. The simulation findings demonstrate that jet characteristics play a decisive role in governing interfacial instability and defect development specifically in the OFHC/316L impact welding system. Furthermore, significant deviations were observed between the interfacial wave and predictions from classical models, primarily due to localized melting effects at impact velocities approaching the welding upper limit, which are not accounted for in traditional models.This research establishes a parameter-driven approach for optimizing interfacial morphology and minimizing defects, offering practical guidance for the reliable design of copper–steel welded components in high-performance engineering applications.