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<p>The sustainability of additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted attention nowadays, with different aspects needed to be considered. A key effort in this direction is the replacement of fossil fuel–originating polymers with biologically derived polymers. To achieve this, biologically derived polymers should exhibit a performance similar to that of commonly used polymers. Bacterially produced pure polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was recently proposed by filament vendors for material extrusion (MEX) AM. Despite extensive research on the utilization of PHA in polymeric blends, the literature on the printability metrics of pure PHA is limited. At the same time, it has a high potential as an alternative to common petrochemical polymers. In this study, the impact of the main generic settings on the mechanical response of pure bio-sourced PHA in MEX AM was investigated. Four critical 3D printing parameters (print speed, layer height, nozzle temperature, and strand width) were evaluated using a robust design to optimize the tensile and impact metrics. Regression modeling was performed, and predictive equations were compiled and verified using validation testing. The quality of the samples was evaluated using electron microscopy. The analysis proved the importance of layer thickness in the tensile score, whereas nozzle temperature was found to be the most influential setting for impact loading. An increase of approximately 20% can be achieved by selecting appropriate 3D printing settings in the tensile test, whereas the impact strength can be radically improved by up to 550%.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of main process control parameters of PHA bio-polymer in material extrusion additive manufacturing: experimental design and predictive models

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月24日

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  • Nectarios Vidakis,
  • Markos Petousis,
  • Nikolaos Mountakis,
  • Maria Spyridaki,
  • Katerina Gkagkanatsiou,
  • Emmanuel Stratakis

摘要

The sustainability of additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted attention nowadays, with different aspects needed to be considered. A key effort in this direction is the replacement of fossil fuel–originating polymers with biologically derived polymers. To achieve this, biologically derived polymers should exhibit a performance similar to that of commonly used polymers. Bacterially produced pure polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was recently proposed by filament vendors for material extrusion (MEX) AM. Despite extensive research on the utilization of PHA in polymeric blends, the literature on the printability metrics of pure PHA is limited. At the same time, it has a high potential as an alternative to common petrochemical polymers. In this study, the impact of the main generic settings on the mechanical response of pure bio-sourced PHA in MEX AM was investigated. Four critical 3D printing parameters (print speed, layer height, nozzle temperature, and strand width) were evaluated using a robust design to optimize the tensile and impact metrics. Regression modeling was performed, and predictive equations were compiled and verified using validation testing. The quality of the samples was evaluated using electron microscopy. The analysis proved the importance of layer thickness in the tensile score, whereas nozzle temperature was found to be the most influential setting for impact loading. An increase of approximately 20% can be achieved by selecting appropriate 3D printing settings in the tensile test, whereas the impact strength can be radically improved by up to 550%.

Graphical Abstract