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<p>This study investigated the effect of plasma current and CTWD on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L-Si stainless steel fabricated via WAAM. Two conditions were tested: C1 (lower current, higher CTWD) and C2 (higher current, lower CTWD). Samples from the base, middle, and top regions were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile tests, and Vickers hardness. XRD revealed the austenite and ferrite phases. The ferrite fraction was higher at the top in both conditions and greater in C1. The microstructures showed columnar grains at the base, mixed grains in the middle, and finer grains at the top, with delta ferrite morphologies influenced by cooling rates. C2 exhibited higher tensile strength (591&#xa0;MPa) compared to C1 (568&#xa0;MPa), while C1 had a higher yield strength (393&#xa0;MPa vs. 386&#xa0;MPa) and elongation (17% vs. 15%). Cooling rates and Si/Mn segregation influenced these properties. The texture analysis revealed variations in grain orientation, with C1 showing a higher intensity of texture at the top and C2 at the base and in the middle. Current and CTWD significantly affected the phase distribution, grain morphology, and mechanical properties along the build direction. Adjusting these parameters is essential to optimize the performance of 316L-Si stainless steel produced via WAAM.</p>

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Influence of current and CTWD on wire arc additive manufacturing 316L-Si stainless steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月29日

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  • Thaissa Sampaio Nunes,
  • Talita Gama de Sousa,
  • Diandro Bailoni Fernandes,
  • Louriel Oliveira Vilarinho,
  • Luiz Paulo Brandao

摘要

This study investigated the effect of plasma current and CTWD on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L-Si stainless steel fabricated via WAAM. Two conditions were tested: C1 (lower current, higher CTWD) and C2 (higher current, lower CTWD). Samples from the base, middle, and top regions were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile tests, and Vickers hardness. XRD revealed the austenite and ferrite phases. The ferrite fraction was higher at the top in both conditions and greater in C1. The microstructures showed columnar grains at the base, mixed grains in the middle, and finer grains at the top, with delta ferrite morphologies influenced by cooling rates. C2 exhibited higher tensile strength (591 MPa) compared to C1 (568 MPa), while C1 had a higher yield strength (393 MPa vs. 386 MPa) and elongation (17% vs. 15%). Cooling rates and Si/Mn segregation influenced these properties. The texture analysis revealed variations in grain orientation, with C1 showing a higher intensity of texture at the top and C2 at the base and in the middle. Current and CTWD significantly affected the phase distribution, grain morphology, and mechanical properties along the build direction. Adjusting these parameters is essential to optimize the performance of 316L-Si stainless steel produced via WAAM.