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<p>Skin loss is the rapidly growing problem that is caused by the trauma, burns and ulcers which results in the skin cells death and hinders the regeneration process. 3D printing is a fascinating technology that could produce the skin constructs according to the desired skin geometry and provides cell adherence. Herein, we developed a novel combination of ink composed of oxidized guar gum (OGG), agar–agar (AA), and salvianolic acid (SA) for 3D direct ink write printing. The ink was customized to form a homogeneous blend, and the blend showed a favorable shear thinning behavior with the flow behavior index “<i>n</i>” value of 0.21 as determined by the rheological characterization. The 3D printed scaffold showed a rough and interconnected porous structure and a favorable layer fidelity observed from the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of all the chemical bonds associated with the OGG, AA, and SA. The scaffold depicted hydrophilic character&#xa0;and swell&#xa0;upon immersion in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS), as determined by contact angle measurements and swelling ratio. The scaffold depicted a biodegradable behavior (weight loss ~ 69% at day 7) and the effective SA release (~ 71% at day 14). The scaffold depicted an inhibition zone of 18&#xa0;mm against <i>Staphylococcus aureus&#xa0;(</i><i>S. aureus)</i> and 15&#xa0;mm against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli)</i> which proved the antibacterial efficacy of the scaffold. The scaffold showed a cytocompatible behavior with the cell viability of ~ 103% at day 7 observed by water-soluble tetrazolium (WST)—8 assay and promotes the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which proved&#xa0;that the fabricated scaffolds promoted new vessels forming ability from the existing vessels. Hence, 3D printed OGG/AA/SA scaffold is a worthful candidate to treat severe skin burns/wounds.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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3D printing assisted biofabrication of oxidized guar gum/agar–agar/salvianolic acid hydrogels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月1日

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  • Rahila Batul,
  • Syed Muneeb Haider Gillani,
  • Aima Ghouri,
  • Basit Mehmood,
  • Isra Fayyaz,
  • Shimaa Mahmoud Hassoun,
  • Nuzhat Parveen,
  • Malik Asif Hussain,
  • Abdul Khaliq,
  • Maali D. Alshammari,
  • Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman

摘要

Skin loss is the rapidly growing problem that is caused by the trauma, burns and ulcers which results in the skin cells death and hinders the regeneration process. 3D printing is a fascinating technology that could produce the skin constructs according to the desired skin geometry and provides cell adherence. Herein, we developed a novel combination of ink composed of oxidized guar gum (OGG), agar–agar (AA), and salvianolic acid (SA) for 3D direct ink write printing. The ink was customized to form a homogeneous blend, and the blend showed a favorable shear thinning behavior with the flow behavior index “n” value of 0.21 as determined by the rheological characterization. The 3D printed scaffold showed a rough and interconnected porous structure and a favorable layer fidelity observed from the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of all the chemical bonds associated with the OGG, AA, and SA. The scaffold depicted hydrophilic character and swell upon immersion in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS), as determined by contact angle measurements and swelling ratio. The scaffold depicted a biodegradable behavior (weight loss ~ 69% at day 7) and the effective SA release (~ 71% at day 14). The scaffold depicted an inhibition zone of 18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and 15 mm against Escherichia coli (E. coli) which proved the antibacterial efficacy of the scaffold. The scaffold showed a cytocompatible behavior with the cell viability of ~ 103% at day 7 observed by water-soluble tetrazolium (WST)—8 assay and promotes the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which proved that the fabricated scaffolds promoted new vessels forming ability from the existing vessels. Hence, 3D printed OGG/AA/SA scaffold is a worthful candidate to treat severe skin burns/wounds.

Graphical Abstract