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<p>Stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs) are a distinct type of soft material frequently employed in the development of flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors, selfexpanding structures, and medical equipment. Their appeal lies in their capacity to change shape and function in response to external stimuli such as light, humidity, temperature, pH levels, electric fields, solvents, magnetic fields, or a combination of these. There has been growing interest in the additive manufacturing (AM) of SRPs, often called 4D printing, due to its ability to create intricate, custom, and innovative structures that can undergo various morphological transformations like twisting, stretching, swelling, rolling, shrinking, bending, and spiraling. This article aims to illuminate various AM techniques, types of SRPs, and their applications in fields like tissue engineering, soft robotics, bionics, actuators, sensors, construction, and smart textiles. Additionally, it addresses current challenges and future opportunities, providing a foundational understanding for applying this technology in different engineering disciplines. The integration of 3D printing with SRPs is anticipated to bring significant advantages in numerous engineering fields.</p>

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Shaping the future: latest developments in 3D printing stimuli-responsive soft polymers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月3日

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  • Govind Vashishtha,
  • Sumika Chauhan,
  • Nitin Yadav,
  • Deepak Chhabra,
  • Munish Kumar Gupta,
  • Rajesh Kumar,
  • Zhixiong Li

摘要

Stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs) are a distinct type of soft material frequently employed in the development of flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors, selfexpanding structures, and medical equipment. Their appeal lies in their capacity to change shape and function in response to external stimuli such as light, humidity, temperature, pH levels, electric fields, solvents, magnetic fields, or a combination of these. There has been growing interest in the additive manufacturing (AM) of SRPs, often called 4D printing, due to its ability to create intricate, custom, and innovative structures that can undergo various morphological transformations like twisting, stretching, swelling, rolling, shrinking, bending, and spiraling. This article aims to illuminate various AM techniques, types of SRPs, and their applications in fields like tissue engineering, soft robotics, bionics, actuators, sensors, construction, and smart textiles. Additionally, it addresses current challenges and future opportunities, providing a foundational understanding for applying this technology in different engineering disciplines. The integration of 3D printing with SRPs is anticipated to bring significant advantages in numerous engineering fields.