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<p>This study presents a generalized biothermoelastic model for human skin based on the Guyer–Krumhansl (GK) heat conduction equation, incorporating single-phase lag and spatial nonlocal effects. The framework integrates thermal relaxation time, nonlocal length scale, blood perfusion, and metabolic heat generation into a fully coupled thermoelastic system, extending classical Fourier-based models toward formulations that incorporate non-Fourier conduction effects within a coupled thermoelastic framework. The governing equations are derived in closed form in the Laplace domain and numerically inverted using a Fourier series-based method to capture wave-like and size-dependent heat transport characteristics. Parametric investigations highlight the distinct influence of nonlocality and thermal relaxation on temperature distribution, mechanical displacement, and stress evolution under transient thermal loading. The results underscore the importance of accounting for nonlocal and inertial thermal effects when modeling soft biological media. The developed model provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for analyzing biothermomechanical interactions in heterogeneous tissues and contributes to advancing non-Fourier continuum thermomechanics in biological systems.</p>

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A generalized coupled biothermoelastic model for human skin based on the Guyer–Krumhansl framework with nonlocal and thermal relaxation effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • M. A. Salama,
  • Ahmed E. Abouelregal,
  • Fatma H. Galal

摘要

This study presents a generalized biothermoelastic model for human skin based on the Guyer–Krumhansl (GK) heat conduction equation, incorporating single-phase lag and spatial nonlocal effects. The framework integrates thermal relaxation time, nonlocal length scale, blood perfusion, and metabolic heat generation into a fully coupled thermoelastic system, extending classical Fourier-based models toward formulations that incorporate non-Fourier conduction effects within a coupled thermoelastic framework. The governing equations are derived in closed form in the Laplace domain and numerically inverted using a Fourier series-based method to capture wave-like and size-dependent heat transport characteristics. Parametric investigations highlight the distinct influence of nonlocality and thermal relaxation on temperature distribution, mechanical displacement, and stress evolution under transient thermal loading. The results underscore the importance of accounting for nonlocal and inertial thermal effects when modeling soft biological media. The developed model provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for analyzing biothermomechanical interactions in heterogeneous tissues and contributes to advancing non-Fourier continuum thermomechanics in biological systems.