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<p>This study presents the design of a B-shaped basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) bumper. A low-velocity impact simulation of the BFRP bumper was carried out, and its accuracy was validated through physical testing. A reduced-dimensional parametric method for the highly coupled lay-up thickness, angle, and sequence was proposed, based on an information encoding strategy. This method introduces the concepts of effective lay-up and lay-up judgment, and employs fixed-length variables to achieve integrated design of the lay-up parameters. Multi-objective optimization of the coupled lay-up parameters for the BFRP bumper was performed using a Gaussian process regression (GPR) model, the third-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-III), and an adaptive point adding (APA) strategy. The entropy-weighted technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (E-TOPSIS) method was applied to select the optimal trade-off solution. After optimization, the maximum intrusion displacement and peak force of the BFRP bumper were reduced by 3.43% and 7.32%, respectively. Compared to a steel bumper of similar size, the BFRP bumper exhibits reductions of 17.47% in maximum intrusion displacement, 12.13% in peak force, and 21.12% in weight, along with a 10% increase in energy absorption. Additionally, the BFRP beam achieves a 60% cost reduction compared to a CFRP bumper.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Design optimization of highly coupled lay-up parameters for a BFRP bumper using a point adding-based NSGA-III algorithm and a GPR model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Wenchao Xu,
  • Jing Chen,
  • Sen Xu,
  • Dengfeng Wang

摘要

This study presents the design of a B-shaped basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) bumper. A low-velocity impact simulation of the BFRP bumper was carried out, and its accuracy was validated through physical testing. A reduced-dimensional parametric method for the highly coupled lay-up thickness, angle, and sequence was proposed, based on an information encoding strategy. This method introduces the concepts of effective lay-up and lay-up judgment, and employs fixed-length variables to achieve integrated design of the lay-up parameters. Multi-objective optimization of the coupled lay-up parameters for the BFRP bumper was performed using a Gaussian process regression (GPR) model, the third-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-III), and an adaptive point adding (APA) strategy. The entropy-weighted technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (E-TOPSIS) method was applied to select the optimal trade-off solution. After optimization, the maximum intrusion displacement and peak force of the BFRP bumper were reduced by 3.43% and 7.32%, respectively. Compared to a steel bumper of similar size, the BFRP bumper exhibits reductions of 17.47% in maximum intrusion displacement, 12.13% in peak force, and 21.12% in weight, along with a 10% increase in energy absorption. Additionally, the BFRP beam achieves a 60% cost reduction compared to a CFRP bumper.

Graphical abstract