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<p>The vortex generators are effective devices to improve the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed train by generating opposite vortices. However, they could experience significant aerodynamic loads during high-speed train operation, leading to substantial structural deformations. This study conducted a multi-objective optimization based on the radial basis function surrogate model and non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. This study investigated the correlations between the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and the structural deformation displacement of the vortex generators. A sensitivity analysis revealed the dominant design variables, showing that Variable <i>β</i> (the angle relative to the normal direction of the train surface) emerged as the primary contributor to variations in <i>C</i><sub><i>D</i></sub>, accounting for 48.09% of the observed variance. Variable <i>α</i> (the horizontal spacing of the rear of the device from the longitudinal centerline of the train) exerted the strongest influence on <i>C</i><sub><i>L</i></sub>, contributing -37.43% to its variation. Variable <i>α</i> also dominated the deformation displacement (<i>δ</i>) values, with a contribution share of 49.42%. The optimal design configuration was selected from the generated Pareto front, through the Weighted Sum Approach, and validated by computational fluid dynamics simulations to confirm the prediction accuracy. Compared to the baseline configuration without the vortex generators, the optimized vortex generators achieved significant aerodynamic improvements: a 7.16% reduction in <i>C</i><sub><i>D</i></sub> and a 24.29% reduction in <i>C</i><sub><i>L</i></sub>. Crucially, this optimized design concurrently enhances the high-speed train’s aerodynamic efficiency while ensuring the vortex generators’ structural integrity by minimizing deformation displacements.</p>

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Multi-objective aerodynamic and structural optimization of vortex generators for the high-speed train

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Tao Zhao,
  • Rui Li,
  • Jianlin Xu,
  • Yongxing Jia,
  • Yonggang Yang,
  • Mingwei Dong,
  • Jiahui Chen

摘要

The vortex generators are effective devices to improve the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed train by generating opposite vortices. However, they could experience significant aerodynamic loads during high-speed train operation, leading to substantial structural deformations. This study conducted a multi-objective optimization based on the radial basis function surrogate model and non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. This study investigated the correlations between the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and the structural deformation displacement of the vortex generators. A sensitivity analysis revealed the dominant design variables, showing that Variable β (the angle relative to the normal direction of the train surface) emerged as the primary contributor to variations in CD, accounting for 48.09% of the observed variance. Variable α (the horizontal spacing of the rear of the device from the longitudinal centerline of the train) exerted the strongest influence on CL, contributing -37.43% to its variation. Variable α also dominated the deformation displacement (δ) values, with a contribution share of 49.42%. The optimal design configuration was selected from the generated Pareto front, through the Weighted Sum Approach, and validated by computational fluid dynamics simulations to confirm the prediction accuracy. Compared to the baseline configuration without the vortex generators, the optimized vortex generators achieved significant aerodynamic improvements: a 7.16% reduction in CD and a 24.29% reduction in CL. Crucially, this optimized design concurrently enhances the high-speed train’s aerodynamic efficiency while ensuring the vortex generators’ structural integrity by minimizing deformation displacements.