<p>Topology optimization methods, as a crucial tool in the conceptual design phase of structures, can obtain the optimal load transfer path under specific loading and constraint conditions, making it an effective approach for lightweight structural design in aerospace engineering. This paper reviews recent research and advancements in topology optimization methods applied to aerospace structural design. Specifically, it summarizes recent developments in the topology optimization of structures subjected to design-variable-dependent loads (e.g., aero-engine disks and blades, aircraft wings), thin-walled structures, composite material structures, and fail-safe topology optimization designs. These structures and design concepts are representative of aerospace structural design. Additionally, the paper outlines future research directions, existing challenges, and technical difficulties, providing references for enhancing the application of topology optimization techniques in future aerospace structural design.</p>