<p>We isolate a simple preservation principle governing when it is absolute, between transitive models of set theory, that a given algebraic or topological-algebraic structure has a <i>standard form</i> <i>F</i>(<i>X</i>) indexed by a set&#xa0;<i>X</i>. The principle is: if the index&#xa0;<i>X</i> (or a proxy for it) can be recovered from&#xa0;<i>F</i>(<i>X</i>) by a uniform definable construction, then the class of structures isomorphic to some&#xa0;<i>F</i>(<i>X</i>) is downward absolute from forcing extensions. Answering a question raised by Noah Schweber, we deduce in particular that no group that fails to be a full symmetric group in the ground model can become one after forcing; the result holds already in&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{ZF}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ZF</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The same mechanism applies to full transformation monoids, powerset Boolean algebras, full relation algebras, full clones, full partition lattices, products <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R^X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mi>X</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of finitely generated centrally indecomposable rings, the commutative <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C^*\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-algebras <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\ell _\infty (X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(c_0(X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, full endomorphism rings, the operator algebras <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {B}(H)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {K}(H)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\ell _1(X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as a real Banach lattice. In the motivating symmetric-group case, the same reconstruction gives more than descent: it yields a uniform <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Pi ^1_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> definition of fullness over transitive <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{ZF}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ZF</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-models. We then exhibit clean torsor obstructions, in the standard symmetric-model situation: <i>finite covers</i> <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Y \times n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> already separate <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{ZF}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ZF</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-failure from <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{ZFC}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ZFC</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-descent without any completeness caveat, and the finite-support normed space <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(c_{00}(I)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mn>00</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> provides the analogous Banach example. Bare-Banach-space isomorphism with <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\ell _1(\Gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exhibits a genuine <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{ZFC}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ZFC</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-descent. We conclude with the corresponding, relative, obstructions to <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Pi ^1_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-definability of standardness over transitive <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{ZF}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">ZF</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-models.</p>

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Canonical reconstruction and forcing absoluteness of standard structures

  • Tomasz Kania

摘要

We isolate a simple preservation principle governing when it is absolute, between transitive models of set theory, that a given algebraic or topological-algebraic structure has a standard form F(X) indexed by a set X. The principle is: if the index X (or a proxy for it) can be recovered from F(X) by a uniform definable construction, then the class of structures isomorphic to some F(X) is downward absolute from forcing extensions. Answering a question raised by Noah Schweber, we deduce in particular that no group that fails to be a full symmetric group in the ground model can become one after forcing; the result holds already in  \(\textsf{ZF}\) ZF . The same mechanism applies to full transformation monoids, powerset Boolean algebras, full relation algebras, full clones, full partition lattices, products \(R^X\) R X of finitely generated centrally indecomposable rings, the commutative \(C^*\) C -algebras \(\ell _\infty (X)\) ( X ) and \(c_0(X)\) c 0 ( X ) , full endomorphism rings, the operator algebras \(\mathcal {B}(H)\) B ( H ) and \(\mathcal {K}(H)\) K ( H ) , and \(\ell _1(X)\) 1 ( X ) as a real Banach lattice. In the motivating symmetric-group case, the same reconstruction gives more than descent: it yields a uniform \(\Pi ^1_1\) Π 1 1 definition of fullness over transitive \(\textsf{ZF}\) ZF -models. We then exhibit clean torsor obstructions, in the standard symmetric-model situation: finite covers \(Y \times n\) Y × n already separate \(\textsf{ZF}\) ZF -failure from \(\textsf{ZFC}\) ZFC -descent without any completeness caveat, and the finite-support normed space \(c_{00}(I)\) c 00 ( I ) provides the analogous Banach example. Bare-Banach-space isomorphism with \(\ell _1(\Gamma )\) 1 ( Γ ) exhibits a genuine \(\textsf{ZFC}\) ZFC -descent. We conclude with the corresponding, relative, obstructions to \(\Pi ^1_1\) Π 1 1 -definability of standardness over transitive \(\textsf{ZF}\) ZF -models.