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<p>While artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled surveillance provides governments with potent tools for crisis response, public acceptance across democracies remains highly uneven—a variation driven more by sociocultural factors than by technical efficacy. This study investigates how citizens in democratic societies leverage national identity to justify the normalization of government monitoring. Focusing on Taiwan as a strategic case where identity-based polarization and security threats intersect, we explore how the social construction of “national protection” reshapes the boundaries of privacy. Utilizing a near-nationally representative adult sample (<i>N</i> = 2861, August 2024) and a moderated mediation analysis (5000 bootstrap resamples), we tested whether national identity moderates the relationships among perceived AI capability, privacy concerns, and acceptance of government AI public health surveillance. Our findings reveal that perceived AI capability increases acceptance both directly and indirectly by mitigating privacy risks; however, this effect is amplified by Taiwanese national identification. Crucially, this moderating effect is exclusive to high-stakes applications, such as facial recognition and behavioral tracking, and does not apply to routine health data analysis. Taiwan’s experience demonstrates a critical sociotechnical tension: while a strong national identity can foster social solidarity, it may simultaneously erode the institutional safeguards and privacy expectations that are vital to democratic AI governance.</p>

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When privacy yields to solidarity: national identity and the legitimacy of government AI public health surveillance in Taiwan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Duan-Rung Chen,
  • Chun-Tung Kuo,
  • Darren Liu,
  • Yu-Tzung Chang

摘要

While artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled surveillance provides governments with potent tools for crisis response, public acceptance across democracies remains highly uneven—a variation driven more by sociocultural factors than by technical efficacy. This study investigates how citizens in democratic societies leverage national identity to justify the normalization of government monitoring. Focusing on Taiwan as a strategic case where identity-based polarization and security threats intersect, we explore how the social construction of “national protection” reshapes the boundaries of privacy. Utilizing a near-nationally representative adult sample (N = 2861, August 2024) and a moderated mediation analysis (5000 bootstrap resamples), we tested whether national identity moderates the relationships among perceived AI capability, privacy concerns, and acceptance of government AI public health surveillance. Our findings reveal that perceived AI capability increases acceptance both directly and indirectly by mitigating privacy risks; however, this effect is amplified by Taiwanese national identification. Crucially, this moderating effect is exclusive to high-stakes applications, such as facial recognition and behavioral tracking, and does not apply to routine health data analysis. Taiwan’s experience demonstrates a critical sociotechnical tension: while a strong national identity can foster social solidarity, it may simultaneously erode the institutional safeguards and privacy expectations that are vital to democratic AI governance.