Background <p>Despite its high level of complexity, the vaginal microbiome can be categorized into clinically relevant types, so-called community state types (CST). These represent a&#xa0;healthy microbiome as well as an altered colonization (dysbiosis), which in turn is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV).</p> Objective <p>The aim of this article is to illustrate the link between CST and infertility based on the current literature and to demonstrate its diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.</p> Material and method <p>Current original articles and reviews on the topics mentioned.</p> Results <p>The connection between dysbiosis and infertility is well illustrated by the CSTs. The BV-associated dysbiosis is closely related to infertility and increases the risk of infection with sexually transmitted pathogens, such as <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and human papillomaviruses.</p> Conclusion <p>These results are particularly clinically relevant for fertility diagnostics and treatment. Individualized treatment can lead to increased pregnancy rates and reduced costs.</p>