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<p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic to humans, and their contamination in crops poses significant risks to food safety and human health. However, the changes in root exudate components for different crops exposed to PAHs and the roles of exudate secreting changes in root PAHs absorption remain unclear. This study used untargeted metabolomics to investigate PHE (phenanthrene, a model PAH) (1.0&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>) uptake in soybean, wheat, and corn through root exudate analysis. A total of 555, 1088, and 639 metabolites were detected in PHE-treated soybean, wheat, and corn, respectively, among which 404, 949, and 357 metabolites were significantly altered (|log<sub>2</sub> FC|&gt; 1.5, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with only seven metabolites (&lt; 0.5%) shared among species. Lipid metabolism was the most strongly enriched superclass across all species, accounting for 32.6%, 28.4%, and 29.7% of differential metabolites in soybean, wheat, and corn, respectively. Wheat showed broad metabolic restructuring indicating a more extensive metabolic response, soybean activated jasmonic acid-mediated defense cascades (10.64-fold increase) enhancing membrane permeability, and corn demonstrated targeted lipid remodeling for direct PAH solubilization. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted α-linolenic acid metabolism, ABC transporters, and amino acid biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that exudate composition changes are strongly associated with differential PAH absorption, providing insights for developing targeted phytoremediation strategies and stress-tolerant crop varieties.</p>

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Mechanistic Insights into Phenanthrene Uptake in Three Major Crops: Root Exudate Metabolomic Evidence

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Tiangang Chen,
  • Jiani Du,
  • Jiawei Wang,
  • Dongru Wang,
  • Xiaoran Liu,
  • Jiayi Chen,
  • Minhui Chen,
  • Xinhua Zhan

摘要

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic to humans, and their contamination in crops poses significant risks to food safety and human health. However, the changes in root exudate components for different crops exposed to PAHs and the roles of exudate secreting changes in root PAHs absorption remain unclear. This study used untargeted metabolomics to investigate PHE (phenanthrene, a model PAH) (1.0 mg L−1) uptake in soybean, wheat, and corn through root exudate analysis. A total of 555, 1088, and 639 metabolites were detected in PHE-treated soybean, wheat, and corn, respectively, among which 404, 949, and 357 metabolites were significantly altered (|log2 FC|> 1.5, p < 0.05), with only seven metabolites (< 0.5%) shared among species. Lipid metabolism was the most strongly enriched superclass across all species, accounting for 32.6%, 28.4%, and 29.7% of differential metabolites in soybean, wheat, and corn, respectively. Wheat showed broad metabolic restructuring indicating a more extensive metabolic response, soybean activated jasmonic acid-mediated defense cascades (10.64-fold increase) enhancing membrane permeability, and corn demonstrated targeted lipid remodeling for direct PAH solubilization. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted α-linolenic acid metabolism, ABC transporters, and amino acid biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that exudate composition changes are strongly associated with differential PAH absorption, providing insights for developing targeted phytoremediation strategies and stress-tolerant crop varieties.