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<p>Benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters are widely used as ultraviolet (UV) light filters in a large number of commercial products. However, knowledge of their occurrence in indoor environments is still limited. Herein, the concentrations and distribution profiles of five benzophenones, including 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2,2’,4,4’-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), 2,2’-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP), were surveyed in indoor dust samples from households (n = 27) and university dormitories (n = 23) in Nanjing, China. The concentrations of the sum of five benzophenones (ΣBPs) ranged from 0.8 to 284.4&#xa0;ng/g and 1.3 to 70.7&#xa0;ng/g in dust from households and dormitories, respectively. The median value of individual benzophenone concentrations was found in dormitory dust samples were generally higher than those in house dust samples. Among five benzophenones analytes, BP-1, BP-3, and 4-OH-BP were three major benzophenones in dust from two microenvironments, respectively accounting for 97.5% (house) and 98.3% (dormitory) of the ΣBPs concentrations. The estimated daily intakes (EDI_total) of ΣBPs for different age groups via indoor dust, based on median concentrations analyzed, showed that infants were the most vulnerable population, with EDI_total (0.052&#xa0;ng/kg.bw/day) of 1.3–8.6 folds higher than that of the other age groups. Moreover, the median EDI_total values (0.021–0.025&#xa0;ng/kg.bw/day) for students who reside in dormitories were higher than adults (0.009–0.01&#xa0;ng/kg.bw/day) who reside in the house, indicating that more attention should be given to the special exposure population, such as infants and students.</p>

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Occurrence of Benzophenone-Type Ultraviolet Filters in Indoor Dust from Chinese Homes and University Dormitories: Implications for Human Exposure

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Bo-Wen Li,
  • Geng-Chen Wu,
  • Hui-Ling Zhao,
  • Chao Li

摘要

Benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters are widely used as ultraviolet (UV) light filters in a large number of commercial products. However, knowledge of their occurrence in indoor environments is still limited. Herein, the concentrations and distribution profiles of five benzophenones, including 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2,2’,4,4’-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), 2,2’-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP), were surveyed in indoor dust samples from households (n = 27) and university dormitories (n = 23) in Nanjing, China. The concentrations of the sum of five benzophenones (ΣBPs) ranged from 0.8 to 284.4 ng/g and 1.3 to 70.7 ng/g in dust from households and dormitories, respectively. The median value of individual benzophenone concentrations was found in dormitory dust samples were generally higher than those in house dust samples. Among five benzophenones analytes, BP-1, BP-3, and 4-OH-BP were three major benzophenones in dust from two microenvironments, respectively accounting for 97.5% (house) and 98.3% (dormitory) of the ΣBPs concentrations. The estimated daily intakes (EDI_total) of ΣBPs for different age groups via indoor dust, based on median concentrations analyzed, showed that infants were the most vulnerable population, with EDI_total (0.052 ng/kg.bw/day) of 1.3–8.6 folds higher than that of the other age groups. Moreover, the median EDI_total values (0.021–0.025 ng/kg.bw/day) for students who reside in dormitories were higher than adults (0.009–0.01 ng/kg.bw/day) who reside in the house, indicating that more attention should be given to the special exposure population, such as infants and students.