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Purpose <p>We assessed the association between number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression among adults and explored the association by race/ethnicity.</p> Methods <p>We used data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) among 127,577 adult respondents (<i>≥</i> 18 years old). The exposure was the number of ACEs classified as zero, one, two-three, and ≥ four. The outcome was a self-reported history of depression diagnosis (yes/no). Weighted multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between ACEs and depression stratified by race/ethnicity. Each model was adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, income, education, marital status, and body mass index.</p> Results <p>In this sample, 36%, 23%, 21%, and 20% reported having experienced zero, one, two-three, and ≥ four ACEs, respectively. Depression was reported by 19% of survey respondents. There was a significant interaction between the number of ACEs and race/ethnicity, and depression (<i>p</i> = 0.0003), thus, analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity. Respondents who experienced ≥ 4 ACEs had higher odds of reporting depression: non-Hispanic Whites (aOR = 4.07; 95% CI: 3.55, 4.65), non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR = 3.96, 95% CI: 2.68, 5.86), or Hispanics (aOR = 7.73; 95% CI: 4.48, 13.35). Respondents with 2–3 ACEs had higher odds of reporting depression: non-Hispanic Whites (aOR: 2.41, 95% CI. 2.11– 2.76), non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR: 1.94, 95% CI. 1.19– 3.17), and Hispanics (aOR: 2.86, 95% CI. 1.64– 4.98).</p> Conclusion <p>We found that individuals with two or more ACEs were more likely to report a depression diagnosis, irrespective of race/ethnicity. This finding highlights the need to monitor individuals with an increasing number of ACEs for depression.</p>

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The intersection between race/ethnicity and adverse childhood experiences and its association with depression

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Karthik V. Rangavajhula,
  • Ahalya Muraleedharan,
  • Ngozi Adaralegbe,
  • Frank Clark,
  • Anusuiya Nagar,
  • Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters,
  • Oluwole A. Babatunde,
  • Eric Adjei Boakye

摘要

Purpose

We assessed the association between number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression among adults and explored the association by race/ethnicity.

Methods

We used data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) among 127,577 adult respondents (≥ 18 years old). The exposure was the number of ACEs classified as zero, one, two-three, and ≥ four. The outcome was a self-reported history of depression diagnosis (yes/no). Weighted multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between ACEs and depression stratified by race/ethnicity. Each model was adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, income, education, marital status, and body mass index.

Results

In this sample, 36%, 23%, 21%, and 20% reported having experienced zero, one, two-three, and ≥ four ACEs, respectively. Depression was reported by 19% of survey respondents. There was a significant interaction between the number of ACEs and race/ethnicity, and depression (p = 0.0003), thus, analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity. Respondents who experienced ≥ 4 ACEs had higher odds of reporting depression: non-Hispanic Whites (aOR = 4.07; 95% CI: 3.55, 4.65), non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR = 3.96, 95% CI: 2.68, 5.86), or Hispanics (aOR = 7.73; 95% CI: 4.48, 13.35). Respondents with 2–3 ACEs had higher odds of reporting depression: non-Hispanic Whites (aOR: 2.41, 95% CI. 2.11– 2.76), non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR: 1.94, 95% CI. 1.19– 3.17), and Hispanics (aOR: 2.86, 95% CI. 1.64– 4.98).

Conclusion

We found that individuals with two or more ACEs were more likely to report a depression diagnosis, irrespective of race/ethnicity. This finding highlights the need to monitor individuals with an increasing number of ACEs for depression.