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<p>The differential swelling caused by moisture absorption generates swelling stress within the wood; however, there are few studies on this swelling-induced stress. To explore the rheological characteristics induced by swelling, North American red alder wood treated by heat treatment (HT) and conventionally kiln-dried (CKD) was immersed in water at 70&#xa0;°C and 90&#xa0;°C. The water uptake rate, moisture content (MC) distribution, tangential and radial swelling ratios and strains were investigated. The results showed that the high initial water uptake rates of HT and CKD wood decreased at an MC of 6% (70&#xa0;°C) and 12% (90&#xa0;°C). HT slows the wood’s water uptake by 17.3–28%. For both HT and CKD wood, water uptake resulted in higher surface MCs than core MCs. However, ANOVA indicated no significant gradient differences between or within groups. Although HT slows the uptake rate, it does not affect the gradients in both woods. The radial swelling ratios of both woods were greater than the tangential ones until the MC reached 22.5%, but HT does not affect the wood’s swelling ratio during water uptake. The swelling strain generally increases with increasing MC, reaching a maximum of 0.0633. The elastic strain and viscoelastic creep strain were similar, yet the latter exceeded the former, with a maximum difference of 0.0157. Mechano-sorptive creep strain varies according to layer, group, MC, and temperature. The mean strains are 0.0422 and 0.0455 at 70&#xa0;°C and 90&#xa0;°C respectively. HT does not affect the water-uptake-induced strains of swelling, elastic, and viscoelastic, but has a significant effect on the mechano-sorptive creep strain of wood when the MC is higher than 22.5%.</p>

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A comparative study on the swelling-induced rheological properties of heat-treated and conventionally kiln-dried North American red alder wood during the water uptake process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Lin Yang,
  • Puyan Zhao,
  • Na Huang,
  • Xinwei Tu,
  • Shunhe Ge,
  • Lingjuan Wang

摘要

The differential swelling caused by moisture absorption generates swelling stress within the wood; however, there are few studies on this swelling-induced stress. To explore the rheological characteristics induced by swelling, North American red alder wood treated by heat treatment (HT) and conventionally kiln-dried (CKD) was immersed in water at 70 °C and 90 °C. The water uptake rate, moisture content (MC) distribution, tangential and radial swelling ratios and strains were investigated. The results showed that the high initial water uptake rates of HT and CKD wood decreased at an MC of 6% (70 °C) and 12% (90 °C). HT slows the wood’s water uptake by 17.3–28%. For both HT and CKD wood, water uptake resulted in higher surface MCs than core MCs. However, ANOVA indicated no significant gradient differences between or within groups. Although HT slows the uptake rate, it does not affect the gradients in both woods. The radial swelling ratios of both woods were greater than the tangential ones until the MC reached 22.5%, but HT does not affect the wood’s swelling ratio during water uptake. The swelling strain generally increases with increasing MC, reaching a maximum of 0.0633. The elastic strain and viscoelastic creep strain were similar, yet the latter exceeded the former, with a maximum difference of 0.0157. Mechano-sorptive creep strain varies according to layer, group, MC, and temperature. The mean strains are 0.0422 and 0.0455 at 70 °C and 90 °C respectively. HT does not affect the water-uptake-induced strains of swelling, elastic, and viscoelastic, but has a significant effect on the mechano-sorptive creep strain of wood when the MC is higher than 22.5%.