Microbial remediation technology for heavy metal contamination of mine soil

The problem of persistent and potentially toxic heavy metal-contaminated soils is widespread worldwide. These heavy metal concentrations have continued to accumulate in soils over the past three decades, posing a threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, the problem of heavy metal soil contamination needs to be addressed urgently. In this paper, we describe the sources of heavy metal pollution and their hazardous properties, emphasizing the urgent need for treatment. Traditional remediation techniques for heavy metal contamination include physical, chemical, and biological methods. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages and can be combined to remove (transform) or reduce heavy metals in contaminated soils to safe levels. The article provides a comparative analysis of traditional remediation techniques for heavy metal contamination, focusing on a review of the current status of research and application of microbial remediation methods in heavy metal contamination of mine soils. The paper also discusses the combined microbial and chemical/plant remediation techniques. In conclusion, the remediation and treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soils should consider both the economy and effectiveness of the remediation technology. Microbial remediation is a typical remediation technology that will become the main development trend due to its effectiveness and low cost.