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<p>To address the imbalance between robustness and imperceptibility in digital image watermarking caused by error correction coding, this paper proposes a robust multi-technique fusion watermarking method that integrates spline interpolation, polar code encoding, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF), and Linear Particle Swarm Optimization (LPSO). The proposed method first employs spline interpolation to expand the capacity of cover image, followed by embedding the polar code encoded watermark into the block-DCT domain of the DWT low frequency sub-band. The key embedding parameters are optimized via LPSO under diverse attack scenarios. Additionally, this paper uses the SURF algorithm to detect the feature information of cover and watermarked images and applies it to geometric correction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves outstanding robustness against both single attacks (NC &gt; 0.9325) and combined attacks (BER &lt; 0.0195) while maintaining high imperceptibility (PSNR &gt; 41&#xa0;dB). The proposed approach addresses the critical robustness-imperceptibility balance in watermarking, while proving the efficacy of technical fusion as a strategy for advancing image security.</p>

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Robust Image Watermarking Scheme Using Error Correcting Codes and Linear Particle Swarm Optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月24日

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  • Ying Wei,
  • Tianqi Zhang,
  • Debang Liu,
  • Linhao Cui,
  • Baoze Ma,
  • Zeliang An

摘要

To address the imbalance between robustness and imperceptibility in digital image watermarking caused by error correction coding, this paper proposes a robust multi-technique fusion watermarking method that integrates spline interpolation, polar code encoding, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF), and Linear Particle Swarm Optimization (LPSO). The proposed method first employs spline interpolation to expand the capacity of cover image, followed by embedding the polar code encoded watermark into the block-DCT domain of the DWT low frequency sub-band. The key embedding parameters are optimized via LPSO under diverse attack scenarios. Additionally, this paper uses the SURF algorithm to detect the feature information of cover and watermarked images and applies it to geometric correction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves outstanding robustness against both single attacks (NC > 0.9325) and combined attacks (BER < 0.0195) while maintaining high imperceptibility (PSNR > 41 dB). The proposed approach addresses the critical robustness-imperceptibility balance in watermarking, while proving the efficacy of technical fusion as a strategy for advancing image security.