Design of Fractional/Integer Order PID Controller Using Single DVCC and Its Cardiac Pacemaker Application

Cardiac failures and other cardiovascular diseases are a primary cause of death worldwide. Cardiovascular disorders, including heart failure, are the primary cause of death globally. Controller design for pacemakers is a crucial area of research. In this study, a novel proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller design that can be used to efficiently regulate the heart rate of the cardiac pacemaker is presented. The proposed PID controller employs only one Differential Voltage Current Conveyor (DVCC) active element, two resistors, and two capacitors. The proposed PID controller circuit has voltage differential inputs, thus eliminating the need for the extra differential amplifier (DA) circuit required for closed-loop systems such as the cardiac pacemaker heart rate control system. A fractional-order (FO) PID controller (PI^λD^μ) circuit is created from the proposed integer order (IO) PID controller circuit. A cardiac pacemaker application example is given to demonstrate the workability of the proposed FO and IO PID controller circuits. Using 0.18 µm CMOS parameters and the PSPICE simulation program, both the proposed FO and IO PID controller circuits in a closed-loop system are performed to verify the theoretical behavior.