HIDDEn: Robust Data Hiding for Medical Images with Encryption and Local Binary Pattern

The secure transmission of medical images and related digital patient records on untrusted channels has recently become a focus in healthcare industries. Data hiding and encryption are important tools for this goal. This paper proposes a data-hiding method for medical images in the context of invisibility, robustness, security and low time cost. A dual watermarking is introduced to accomplish chaos-based encryption to ensure medical images' copyright protection and content security. First, a local binary pattern based on neighbouring pixels is used to compute an optimal value, called an embedding factor, for embedding both marks. Second, the host medical image is marked using the lifting wavelet transform, the lower–upper (LU) decomposition and singular value decomposition with an embedding factor to protect ownership. Last, the marked image is encrypted by using a 3D-chaotic map. The method is tested on two standard datasets, which is convenient for medical applications. Our experimental results and performance analysis demonstrate that the proposed scheme produces a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and \({{\text{NC}}}_{{\text{wat}}1}\) ${\text{NC}}_{\text{wat}1}$ / \({{\text{NC}}}_{{\text{wat}}2}\) ${\text{NC}}_{\text{wat}2}$ of 54.82 dB and 0.9916/0.9928, respectively. Furthermore, the key space analysis of our encryption technique is greater than \({2}^{100}\) $2^{100}$ , which provides a high protection degree against brute-force attacks. The proposed scheme achieves better robustness, imperceptibility, and security performance than previous schemes. Our method can reduce time costs by 98% (91% on average), which results in lower time costs than other conventional encryption techniques.