<p>In this paper, we investigate the global behavior of a predator–prey chemotaxis model with loop <Equation ID="Equ72"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} u_t=d_1\Delta u+\chi _{11}\nabla \cdot (u\nabla w)+\chi _{12}\nabla \cdot (u\nabla z)+\mu _1 u(1-u-e_1 v), &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0,\\ v_t=d_2\Delta v-\chi _{21}\nabla \cdot (v\nabla w)-\chi _{22}\nabla \cdot (v\nabla z) +\mu _2 v(1+e_2 u-v), &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0,\\ w_t=d_3\Delta w-\beta _1 w+\alpha _{11}u+\alpha _{12}v, &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0,\\ z_t=d_4\Delta z-\beta _2 z+\alpha _{21}u+\alpha _{22}v, &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t &gt; 0. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned} \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>22</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>w</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>12</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>22</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>under the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a bounded smooth domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((n\ge 1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with smooth boundary <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\partial \Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Here, the parameters <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d_3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d_4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi _{ij}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha _{ij}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu _i\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_i\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta _i\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, (<i>i</i>,<InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(j=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>,2) are positive constants. We prove that for spatial dimension <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \le 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and any sufficiently regular initial data, the model admits a unique, globally bounded classical solution without requiring any restrictions on the parameters. Furthermore, by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals, we establish the following convergence results: (i) If <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_{1} &lt; 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{i}}{\chi _{ij}^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is sufficiently large, the global solution (<i>u</i>,&#xa0;<i>v</i>,&#xa0;<i>w</i>,&#xa0;<i>z</i>) converges exponentially to the positive equilibrium. (ii) If <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_{1}\ge 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and both <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _{21}^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _{22}^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are sufficiently large, the global solution converges to the semi-trivial equilibrium with exponential decay when <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_{1} &gt; 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and with algebraic decay when <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_{1} = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Global boundedness and asymptotic behavior of a predator–prey chemotaxis model

  • Liangying Miao,
  • Yerong Cheng,
  • Zhiqian He

摘要

In this paper, we investigate the global behavior of a predator–prey chemotaxis model with loop \(\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} u_t=d_1\Delta u+\chi _{11}\nabla \cdot (u\nabla w)+\chi _{12}\nabla \cdot (u\nabla z)+\mu _1 u(1-u-e_1 v), & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0,\\ v_t=d_2\Delta v-\chi _{21}\nabla \cdot (v\nabla w)-\chi _{22}\nabla \cdot (v\nabla z) +\mu _2 v(1+e_2 u-v), & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0,\\ w_t=d_3\Delta w-\beta _1 w+\alpha _{11}u+\alpha _{12}v, & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0,\\ z_t=d_4\Delta z-\beta _2 z+\alpha _{21}u+\alpha _{22}v, & x \in \Omega , \, t > 0. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned} \end{aligned}\) u t = d 1 Δ u + χ 11 · ( u w ) + χ 12 · ( u z ) + μ 1 u ( 1 - u - e 1 v ) , x Ω , t > 0 , v t = d 2 Δ v - χ 21 · ( v w ) - χ 22 · ( v z ) + μ 2 v ( 1 + e 2 u - v ) , x Ω , t > 0 , w t = d 3 Δ w - β 1 w + α 11 u + α 12 v , x Ω , t > 0 , z t = d 4 Δ z - β 2 z + α 21 u + α 22 v , x Ω , t > 0 . under the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a bounded smooth domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^n\) Ω R n \((n\ge 1)\) ( n 1 ) with smooth boundary \(\partial \Omega \) Ω . Here, the parameters \(d_1\) d 1 , \(d_2\) d 2 , \(d_3\) d 3 , \(d_4\) d 4 , \(\chi _{ij}\) χ ij , \(\alpha _{ij}\) α ij , \(\mu _i\) μ i , \(e_i\) e i , \(\beta _i\) β i , (i, \(j=1\) j = 1 ,2) are positive constants. We prove that for spatial dimension \(n \le 2\) n 2 and any sufficiently regular initial data, the model admits a unique, globally bounded classical solution without requiring any restrictions on the parameters. Furthermore, by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals, we establish the following convergence results: (i) If \(e_{1} < 1\) e 1 < 1 and \(\frac{\mu _{i}}{\chi _{ij}^{2}}\) μ i χ ij 2 is sufficiently large, the global solution (uvwz) converges exponentially to the positive equilibrium. (ii) If \(e_{1}\ge 1\) e 1 1 and both \(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _{21}^{2}}\) μ 2 χ 21 2 and \(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _{22}^{2}}\) μ 2 χ 22 2 are sufficiently large, the global solution converges to the semi-trivial equilibrium with exponential decay when \(e_{1} > 1\) e 1 > 1 , and with algebraic decay when \(e_{1} = 1\) e 1 = 1 .