<p>Consider the heat equation <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="90" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u_t-\Delta u=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on a bounded <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathbb {R}}^{n}(n\ge 2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with any positive initial data. If a superlinear radiation law <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=u^{q}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q&gt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is imposed on a partial boundary <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _1\subseteq \partial \Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which has a positive surface area, then it has been known that the solution <i>u</i> blows up in finite time. However, if the partial boundary, on which the superlinear radiation law is prescribed, is shrinking and is denoted as <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _{1,t}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at time <i>t</i>, then the solution may exist globally as long as the surface area <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\Gamma _{1,t}|\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _{1,t}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> decays fast enough. By taking advantage of the Neumann heat kernel, we conclude that a polynomial decay <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="162" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\Gamma _{1,t}|\sim |\Gamma _1|(1+Ct)^{-\beta }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>∼</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with any <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2594_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="75" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta &gt;n-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> suffices to ensure a bounded global solution.</p>

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Prevention of blowup via Neumann heat kernel

  • Xin Yang,
  • Zhengfang Zhou

摘要

Consider the heat equation \(u_t-\Delta u=0\) u t - Δ u = 0 on a bounded \(C^2\) C 2 domain \(\Omega \) Ω in \({\mathbb {R}}^{n}(n\ge 2)\) R n ( n 2 ) with any positive initial data. If a superlinear radiation law \(\frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=u^{q}\) u n = u q with \(q>1\) q > 1 is imposed on a partial boundary \(\Gamma _1\subseteq \partial \Omega \) Γ 1 Ω which has a positive surface area, then it has been known that the solution u blows up in finite time. However, if the partial boundary, on which the superlinear radiation law is prescribed, is shrinking and is denoted as \(\Gamma _{1,t}\) Γ 1 , t at time t, then the solution may exist globally as long as the surface area \(|\Gamma _{1,t}|\) | Γ 1 , t | of \(\Gamma _{1,t}\) Γ 1 , t decays fast enough. By taking advantage of the Neumann heat kernel, we conclude that a polynomial decay \(|\Gamma _{1,t}|\sim |\Gamma _1|(1+Ct)^{-\beta }\) | Γ 1 , t | | Γ 1 | ( 1 + C t ) - β with any \(\beta >n-1\) β > n - 1 suffices to ensure a bounded global solution.